linux type命令用法_转

转自：http://codingstandards.iteye.com/blog/831504   

在脚本中type可用于检查命令或函数是否存在，存在返回0，表示成功；不存在返回正值，表示不成功。

$ type foo >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo >&2 "I require foo but it's not installed.  Aborting."; exit 1; }

用途说明

type命令用来显示指定命令的类型。一个命令的类型可以是如下之一

• alias 别名
• keyword 关键字，Shell保留字
• function 函数，Shell函数
• builtin 内建命令，Shell内建命令
• file 文件，磁盘文件，外部命令
• unfound 没有找到

它是Linux系统的一种自省机制，知道了是那种类型，我们就可以针对性的获取帮助。比如内建命令可以用help命令来获取帮助，外部命令用man或者info来获取帮助。

常用参数

type命令的基本使用方式就是直接跟上命令名字。

type -a可以显示所有可能的类型，比如有些命令如pwd是shell内建命令，也可以是外部命令。

type -p只返回外部命令的信息，相当于which命令。

type -f只返回shell函数的信息。

type -t 只返回指定类型的信息。

使用示例

示例一 type自己是什么类型的命令

[root@new55 ~]# type -a type 
type is a shell builtin
[root@new55 ~]# help type 
type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
    For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
    command name.
    
    If the -t option is used, `type' outputs a single word which is one of
    `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an
    alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,
    or unfound, respectively.
    
    If the -p flag is used, `type' either returns the name of the disk
    file that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not
    return `file'.
    
    If the -a flag is used, `type' displays all of the places that contain
    an executable named `file'.  This includes aliases, builtins, and
    functions, if and only if the -p flag is not also used.
    
    The -f flag suppresses shell function lookup.
    
    The -P flag forces a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
    builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would
    be executed.
typeset: typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] name[=value] ...
    Obsolete.  See `declare'.
[root@new55 ~]#

示例二 常见命令的类型

[root@new55 ~]# type -a cd 
cd is a shell builtin
[root@new55 ~]# type -a pwd 
pwd is a shell builtin
pwd is /bin/pwd
[root@new55 ~]# type -a time 
time is a shell keyword
time is /usr/bin/time
[root@new55 ~]# type -a date 
date is /bin/date
[root@new55 ~]# type -a which 
which is aliased to `alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
which is /usr/bin/which
[root@new55 ~]# type -a whereis 
whereis is /usr/bin/whereis
[root@new55 ~]# type -a whatis 
whatis is /usr/bin/whatis
[root@new55 ~]# type -a function 
function is a shell keyword
[root@new55 ~]# type -a ls 
ls is aliased to `ls --color=tty'
ls is /bin/ls
[root@new55 ~]# type -a ll 
ll is aliased to `ls -l --color=tty'
[root@new55 ~]# type -a echo 
echo is a shell builtin
echo is /bin/echo
[root@new55 ~]# type -a bulitin 
-bash: type: bulitin: not found
[root@new55 ~]# type -a builtin 
builtin is a shell builtin
[root@new55 ~]# type -a keyword 
-bash: type: keyword: not found
[root@new55 ~]# type -a command 
command is a shell builtin
[root@new55 ~]# type -a alias 
alias is a shell builtin
[root@new55 ~]# type -a grep 
grep is /bin/grep