LINQ标准查询操作符（一）——select、SelectMany、Where、OrderBy、OrderByDescending、ThenBy、ThenByDescending和Reverse
LINQ标准查询操作符（一）——select、SelectMany、Where、OrderBy、OrderByDescending、ThenBy、ThenByDescending和Reverse
一、投影操作符
1. Select
Select操作符对单个序列或集合中的值进行投影。下面的示例中使用select从序列中返回Employee表的所有列：
//查询语法
var query =
from e in db.Employees
where e.FirstName.StartsWith("M")
select e;
生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID],
[Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName],
[Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title],
[Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy],
[Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate],
[Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate],
[Extent1].[Address] AS [Address],
[Extent1].[City] AS [City],
[Extent1].[Region] AS [Region],
[Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode],
[Extent1].[Country] AS [Country],
[Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone],
[Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension],
[Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo],
[Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes],
[Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo],
[Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'
//方法语法
var q =
db.Employees
.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
.Select(e => e);
生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID],
[Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName],
[Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title],
[Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy],
[Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate],
[Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate],
[Extent1].[Address] AS [Address],
[Extent1].[City] AS [City],
[Extent1].[Region] AS [Region],
[Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode],
[Extent1].[Country] AS [Country],
[Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone],
[Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension],
[Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo],
[Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes],
[Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo],
[Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'
可以简写为：
var qq =
db.Employees
.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
.ToList();
=========================================================
当然，你也可以返回单个列，例如：
var query =
from e in db.Employees
where e.FirstName.StartsWith("M")
select e.FirstName;
var query1 =
db.Employees.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
.Select(e => e.FirstName);
生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'
如果像上面这样，只查询单列，则返回类似于无名称的数组，并不能用于生成Json。
如果想返回单列匿名类，应
var query1 =
db.Employees.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
.Select(e => new { e.FirstName })
.ToList();
返回结果为：
==========================================================
你也可以返回序列中的某几列，例如：
var query =
(from e in db.Employees
where e.FirstName.StartsWith("M")
select new
{
e.FirstName,
e.LastName,
e.Title
}).ToList();
var query1 =
db.Employees.Where(e => e.FirstName.StartsWith("M"))
.Select(e => new
{
e.FirstName,
e.LastName,
e.Title
})
.ToList();
生成的sql:
SELECT
1 AS [C1],
[Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName],
[Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
WHERE [Extent1].[FirstName] LIKE N'M%'
查询多列，返回的是一个匿名类
2. SelectMany
SelectMany操作符提供了将多个from子句组合起来的功能，它将每个对象的结果合并成单个序列。下面是一个示例：
var query =
(from e in db.Employees
from o in e.Orders
select o).ToList();
//方法语法
var q =
db.Employees
.SelectMany(e => e.Orders)
.ToList();
生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[OrderID] AS [OrderID],
[Extent1].[CustomerID] AS [CustomerID],
[Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID],
[Extent1].[OrderDate] AS [OrderDate],
[Extent1].[RequiredDate] AS [RequiredDate],
[Extent1].[ShippedDate] AS [ShippedDate],
[Extent1].[ShipVia] AS [ShipVia],
[Extent1].[Freight] AS [Freight],
[Extent1].[ShipName] AS [ShipName],
[Extent1].[ShipAddress] AS [ShipAddress],
[Extent1].[ShipCity] AS [ShipCity],
[Extent1].[ShipRegion] AS [ShipRegion],
[Extent1].[ShipPostalCode] AS [ShipPostalCode],
[Extent1].[ShipCountry] AS [ShipCountry]
FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [Extent1]
WHERE [Extent1].[EmployeeID] IS NOT NULL
场景：Employee与Order为0或1对多的关系，也就是Order的EmployeeID可以为null
从生成的sql语句也可以看到，只查询出了Order的EmployeeID不为null的所有Order记录。
二、限制操作符
Where是限制操作符，它将过滤标准应用在序列上，按照提供的逻辑对序列中的数据进行过滤。
Where操作符不启动查询的执行。当开始对序列进行遍历时查询才开始执行，此时过滤条件将被应用到查询中。Where操作符的使用方法已经在第一节中出现过，这里不再冗述。
三、排序操作符
排序操作符，包括OrderBy、OrderByDescending、ThenBy、ThenByDescending和Reverse，提供了升序或者降序排序。
1. OrderBy
OrderBy操作符将序列中的元素按照升序排列。下面的示例演示了这一点：
//查询语法
var query =
(from e in db.Employees
orderby e.FirstName
select e).ToList();
//方法语法
var q =
db.Employees
.OrderBy(e => e.FirstName)
.ToList();
生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID],
[Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName],
[Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title],
[Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy],
[Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate],
[Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate],
[Extent1].[Address] AS [Address],
[Extent1].[City] AS [City],
[Extent1].[Region] AS [Region],
[Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode],
[Extent1].[Country] AS [Country],
[Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone],
[Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension],
[Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo],
[Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes],
[Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo],
[Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
ORDER BY [Extent1].[FirstName] ASC
因为未使用Select，所以返回的为动态包装类。
这里可以使用OrderBy的重载方法OrderBy(Func<T,TKey>,IComparer<Tkey>)来指定序列的排序方式。
2. OrderByDescending
OrderByDescending操作符将序列中的元素按照降序排列。用法与OrderBy相同，这里不再演示。
3. ThenBy
ThenBy操作符实现按照次关键字对序列进行升序排列。此操作符的查询语法与方法语法略有不同，以下代码演示了这一点：
//查询语法
var query =
(from e in db.Employees
orderby e.FirstName, e.LastName
select e).ToList();
//方法语法
var q =
db.Employees
.OrderBy(e => e.FirstName)
.ThenBy(e => e.LastName)
.ToList();
生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID],
[Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName],
[Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title],
[Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy],
[Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate],
[Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate],
[Extent1].[Address] AS [Address],
[Extent1].[City] AS [City],
[Extent1].[Region] AS [Region],
[Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode],
[Extent1].[Country] AS [Country],
[Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone],
[Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension],
[Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo],
[Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes],
[Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo],
[Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
ORDER BY [Extent1].[FirstName] ASC, [Extent1].[LastName] ASC
4. ThenByDescending
ThenByDescending操作符实现按照次关键字对序列进行降序排列。此操作符的查询语法与方法语法略有不同，以下代码演示了这一点：
//查询语法
var query =
from e in db.Employees
orderby e.FirstName,e.LastName descending
select e;
//方法语法
var q =
db.Employees
.OrderBy(e => e.FirstName)
.ThenByDescending(e => e.LastName)
.Select(e => e);
foreach (var item in query)
{
Console.WriteLine(item.FirstName);
}
生成的sql:
SELECT
[Extent1].[EmployeeID] AS [EmployeeID],
[Extent1].[LastName] AS [LastName],
[Extent1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName],
[Extent1].[Title] AS [Title],
[Extent1].[TitleOfCourtesy] AS [TitleOfCourtesy],
[Extent1].[BirthDate] AS [BirthDate],
[Extent1].[HireDate] AS [HireDate],
[Extent1].[Address] AS [Address],
[Extent1].[City] AS [City],
[Extent1].[Region] AS [Region],
[Extent1].[PostalCode] AS [PostalCode],
[Extent1].[Country] AS [Country],
[Extent1].[HomePhone] AS [HomePhone],
[Extent1].[Extension] AS [Extension],
[Extent1].[Photo] AS [Photo],
[Extent1].[Notes] AS [Notes],
[Extent1].[ReportsTo] AS [ReportsTo],
[Extent1].[PhotoPath] AS [PhotoPath]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [Extent1]
ORDER BY [Extent1].[FirstName] ASC, [Extent1].[LastName] DESC
5. Reverse
Reverse将会把序列中的元素按照从后到前的循序反转。需要注意的是，Reverse方法的返回值是void，以下代码演示了这一点
//方法语法
var q =
db.Employees
.Select(e => e.FirstName)
.ToList();
q.Reverse();
