PHP之Trait详解
php从以前到现在一直都是单继承的语言,无法同时从两个基类中继承属性和方法,为了解决这个问题,php出了Trait这个特性
用法:通过在类中使用use 关键字,声明要组合的Trait名称,具体的Trait的声明使用Trait关键词,Trait不能实例化,同时 Trait 里不能有常量。
如下代码实例:
<?php trait Dog{ public $name="dog"; public function bark(){ echo "This is dog"; } } class Animal{ public function eat(){ echo "This is animal eat"; } } class Cat extends Animal{ use Dog; public function drive(){ echo "This is cat drive"; } } $cat = new Cat(); $cat->drive(); $cat->eat(); $cat->bark(); ?>
再测试Trait、基类和本类对同名属性或方法的处理,如下代码
<?php trait Dog{ public $name="dog"; public function drive(){ echo "This is dog drive"; } public function eat(){ echo "This is dog eat"; } } class Animal{ public function drive(){ echo "This is animal drive"; } public function eat(){ echo "This is animal eat"; } } class Cat extends Animal{ use Dog; public function drive(){ echo "This is cat drive"; } } $cat = new Cat(); $cat->drive(); //This is cat driver $cat->eat(); //This is dog eat ?>
所以:Trait中的方法或属性会覆盖 基类中的同名的方法或属性,而本类会覆盖Trait中同名的属性或方法
即:优先级 :本类 > Trait > 基类(父类)
一个类可以组合多个Trait,通过逗号相隔,如下
use trait1,trait2
当不同的trait中,却有着同名的方法或属性,会产生冲突,可以使用insteadof或 as进行解决,insteadof 是进行替代,而as是给它取别名
如下实例:
<?php trait trait1{ public function eat(){ echo "This is trait1 eat"; } public function drive(){ echo "This is trait1 drive"; } } trait trait2{ public function eat(){ echo "This is trait2 eat"; } public function drive(){ echo "This is trait2 drive"; } } class cat{ use trait1,trait2{ trait1::eat insteadof trait2; trait1::drive insteadof trait2; } } class dog{ use trait1,trait2{ trait1::eat insteadof trait2; trait1::drive insteadof trait2; trait2::eat as eaten; trait2::drive as driven; } } $cat = new cat(); $cat->eat(); $cat->drive(); $dog = new dog(); $dog->eat(); $dog->drive(); $dog->eaten(); $dog->driven(); ?>
as 还可以修改方法的访问控制
<?php trait Animal{ public function eat(){ echo "This is Animal eat"; } } class Dog{ use Animal{ eat as protected; } } class Cat{ use Animal{ Animal::eat as private eaten; } } $dog = new Dog(); $dog->eat();//报错,因为已经把eat改成了保护 $cat = new Cat(); $cat->eat();//正常运行,不会修改原先的访问控制 $cat->eaten();//报错,已经改成了私有的访问控制 ?>
Trait也可以互相组合,还可以使用抽象方法,静态属性,静态方法等,实例如下
<?php trait Cat{ public function eat(){ echo "This is Cat eat"; } } trait Dog{ use Cat; public function drive(){ echo "This is Dog drive"; } abstract public function getName(); public function test(){ static $num=0; $num++; echo $num; } public static function say(){ echo "This is Dog say"; } } class animal{ use Dog; public function getName(){ echo "This is animal name"; } } $animal = new animal(); $animal->getName(); $animal->eat(); $animal->drive(); $animal::say(); $animal->test(); $animal->test(); ?>