浅谈Kmeans聚类

  聚类分析是一种静态数据分析方法,常被用于机器学习,模式识别,数据挖掘等领域。通常认为,聚类是一种无监督式的机器学习方法,它的过程是这样的:在未知样本类别的情况下,通过计算样本彼此间的距离(欧式距离,马式距离,汉明距离,余弦距离等)来估计样本所属类别。从结构性来划分,聚类方法分为自上而下自下而上两种方法,前者的算法是先把所有样本视为一类,然后不断从这个大类中分离出小类,直到不能再分为止;后者则相反,首先所有样本自成一类,然后不断两两合并,直到最终形成几个大类。 

常用的聚类方法主要有以下四种:   //照搬的wiki,比较懒...

Connectivity based clustering  (如hierarchical clustering 层次聚类法)

Centroid-based clustering  (如kmeans)

Distribution-based clustering

Density-based clustering

  Kmeans聚类是一种自下而上的聚类方法,它的优点是简单、速度快;缺点是聚类结果与初始中心的选择有关系,且必须提供聚类的数目。Kmeans的第二个缺点是致命的,因为在有些时候,我们不知道样本集将要聚成多少个类别,这种时候kmeans是不适合的,推荐使用hierarchical 或meanshift来聚类。第一个缺点可以通过多次聚类取最佳结果来解决。

  Kmeans的计算过程大概表示如下

随机选择k个聚类中心. 最终的类别个数<= k

计算每个样本到各个中心的距离

每个样本聚类到离它最近的中心

重新计算每个新类的中心

重复以上步骤直到满足收敛要求。(通常就是中心点不再改变或满足一定迭代次数).

 

opencv1.0的例子, 随机生机的散点,每个点是一个二维样本

#include "cxcore.h"
#include "highgui.h"

#define MAX_CLUSTERS 5

int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
    CvScalar color_tab[MAX_CLUSTERS];
    IplImage* img = cvCreateImage( cvSize( 500, 500 ), 8, 3 );
    CvRNG rng = cvRNG(0xffffffff);

    color_tab[0] = CV_RGB(255,0,0);
    color_tab[1] = CV_RGB(0,255,0);
    color_tab[2] = CV_RGB(100,100,255);
    color_tab[3] = CV_RGB(255,0,255);
    color_tab[4] = CV_RGB(255,255,0);

    cvNamedWindow( "clusters", 1 );

    for(;;)
    {
        int k, cluster_count = cvRandInt(&rng)%MAX_CLUSTERS + 1;
        int i, sample_count = cvRandInt(&rng)%1000 + 1;
        CvMat* points = cvCreateMat( sample_count, 1, CV_32FC2 );
        CvMat* clusters = cvCreateMat( sample_count, 1, CV_32SC1 );

        /* generate random sample from multigaussian distribution */
        for( k = 0; k < cluster_count; k++ )
        {
            CvPoint center;
            CvMat point_chunk;
            center.x = cvRandInt(&rng)%img->width;
            center.y = cvRandInt(&rng)%img->height;
            cvGetRows( points, &point_chunk, k*sample_count/cluster_count,
                k == cluster_count - 1 ? sample_count : (k+1)*sample_count/cluster_count );
            cvRandArr( &rng, &point_chunk, CV_RAND_NORMAL,
                cvScalar(center.x,center.y,0,0),
                cvScalar(img->width/6, img->height/6,0,0) );
        }

        /* shuffle samples */
        for( i = 0; i < sample_count/2; i++ )
        {
            CvPoint2D32f* pt1 = (CvPoint2D32f*)points->data.fl + cvRandInt(&rng)%sample_count;
            CvPoint2D32f* pt2 = (CvPoint2D32f*)points->data.fl + cvRandInt(&rng)%sample_count;
            CvPoint2D32f temp;
            CV_SWAP( *pt1, *pt2, temp );
        }

        cvKMeans2( points, cluster_count, clusters,
            cvTermCriteria( CV_TERMCRIT_EPS+CV_TERMCRIT_ITER, 10, 1.0 ));

        cvZero( img );

        for( i = 0; i < sample_count; i++ )
        {
            CvPoint2D32f pt = ((CvPoint2D32f*)points->data.fl)[i];
            int cluster_idx = clusters->data.i[i];
            cvCircle( img, cvPointFrom32f(pt), 2, color_tab[cluster_idx], CV_FILLED );
        }

        cvReleaseMat( &points );
        cvReleaseMat( &clusters );

        cvShowImage( "clusters", img );

        int key = cvWaitKey(0);
        if( key == 27 ) // 'ESC'
            break;
    }
}

 

 

opencv2.4的例子,对一张图片(377*280)的像素点进行聚类,每个像素点是一个五维样本(x,y,r,g,b),聚类结果如下

第一行: 原图;       k=2, 用时t=72ms;  k=3, t=93ms

第二行:k=4, t= 128ms;  k=10, t=330ms;   k=20, t=676ms

原始图片n=2_timecost=72.53.pngn=3_timecost=93.6008.png

n=4_timecost=127.914.pngn=10_timecost=329.643.pngn=20_timecost=676.261.png

从图中某些局部可以看出,并不是k越大,细节就越显著(如后两幅图中向日葵的眼睛),这是因为kmean的初始位置是随机的。相同的样本每次聚类会有不同的结果

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "opencv2/opencv.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

//这是Kmeans算法的一个缺点,在聚类之前需要指定类别个数
const int nClusters = 20;

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    Mat src;    //相当于IplImage

//     src = imread("fruit.jpg");        //只是另一张图
    src = imread("zombie.jpg");        //cvLoadImage
    imshow("original", src);        //cvShowImage

    blur(src, src, Size(11,11));
    imshow("blurred", src);

    //p是特征矩阵,每行表示一个特征,每个特征对应src中每个像素点的(x,y,r,g,b共5维)
    Mat p = Mat::zeros(src.cols*src.rows, 5, CV_32F);    //初始化全0矩阵
    Mat bestLabels, centers, clustered;
    vector<Mat> bgr;
    cv::split(src, bgr);    //分隔出src的三个通道

    for(int i=0; i<src.cols*src.rows; i++) 
    {
        p.at<float>(i,0) = (i/src.cols) / src.rows;        // p.at<uchar>(y,x) 相当于 p->Imagedata[y *p->widthstep + x], p是8位uchar
        p.at<float>(i,1) = (i%src.cols) / src.cols;        // p.at<float>(y,x) 相当于 p->Imagedata[y *p->widthstep + x], p是32位float
        p.at<float>(i,2) = bgr[0].data[i] / 255.0;
        p.at<float>(i,3) = bgr[1].data[i] / 255.0;
        p.at<float>(i,4) = bgr[2].data[i] / 255.0;
    }

    //计算时间
    double t = (double)cvGetTickCount();

    //kmeans聚类,每个样本的标签保存在bestLabels中
    cv::kmeans(p, nClusters, bestLabels,
        TermCriteria( CV_TERMCRIT_EPS+CV_TERMCRIT_ITER, 10, 1.0),
        3, KMEANS_PP_CENTERS, centers);

    t = (double)cvGetTickCount() - t;
    float timecost = t/(cvGetTickFrequency()*1000); 

    //给每个类别赋颜色,其值等于每个类第一个元素的值
    Vec3b    colors[nClusters];
    bool    colormask[nClusters]; memset(colormask, 0, nClusters*sizeof(bool));
    int        count = 0;
    for(int i=0; i<src.cols*src.rows; i++) 
    {
        int clusterindex = bestLabels.at<int>(i,0);
        for (int j=0; j<nClusters; j++)
        {
            if(j == clusterindex && colormask[j] == 0)
            {
                int y = i/src.cols;
                int x = i%src.cols;
                colors[j] = src.at<Vec3b>(y,x);
                colormask[j] = 1;
                count++;
                break;
            }
        }
        if(nClusters == count)break;
    }

    //显示聚类结果
    clustered = Mat(src.rows, src.cols, CV_8UC3);
    for(int i=0; i<src.cols*src.rows; i++) {
        int y = i/src.cols;
        int x = i%src.cols;
        int clusterindex = bestLabels.at<int>(i,0);
        clustered.at<Vec3b>(y, x) = colors[clusterindex];
    }

    imshow("clustered", clustered);

    cout<< "time cost = %gms\n"<<timecost ;

    //保存图像
    stringstream s1,s2;
    s1<<timecost;
    s2<<nClusters;
    string name = "n=" + s2.str() + "_timecost=" + s1.str() + ".png";
    imwrite(name, clustered);
    waitKey();
    return 0;
}
posted @ 2012-10-30 22:45  汉泽的家  阅读(31795)  评论(6编辑  收藏  举报