【Lucene4.8教程之二】索引
一、基础内容
0、官方文档说明
(1)org.apache.lucene.index provides two primary classes: IndexWriter, which creates and adds documents to indices; and IndexReader, which accesses the data in the index.
(2)涉及的两个主要包有:
org.apache.lucene.index:Code to maintain and access indices.
org.apache.lucene.document:Thelogical representation of a Document for indexing and searching.
1、创建一个索引时,涉及的重要类有以下几个:
(1)IndexWriter:索引过程中的核心组件,用于创建新索引或者打开已有索引,以及向索引中添加、删除、更新被索引文档的信息。
(2)Document:代表一些域(field)的集合。
(3)Field及其子类:一个域,如文档创建时间,作者,内容等。
(4)Analyzer:分析器。
(5)Directory:可用于描述Lucene索引的存放位置。
2、索引文档的基本步骤如下:
(1)创建索引库IndexWriter
(2)根据文件创建文档Document
(3)向索引库中写入文档内容
基本程序如下:
package org.jediael.search.index; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileReader; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.lucene.analysis.standard.StandardAnalyzer; import org.apache.lucene.document.Document; import org.apache.lucene.document.Field; import org.apache.lucene.document.LongField; import org.apache.lucene.document.StringField; import org.apache.lucene.document.TextField; import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriter; import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriterConfig; import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory; import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory; import org.apache.lucene.util.Version; import org.jediael.util.LoadProperties; // 1、创建索引库IndexWriter // 2、根据文件创建文档Document // 3、向索引库中写入文档内容 public class IndexFiles { private IndexWriter writer = null; public void indexAllFileinDirectory(String indexPath, String docsPath) throws IOException { // 获取放置待索引文件的位置,若传入参数为空,则读取search.properties中设置的默认值。 if (docsPath == null) { docsPath = LoadProperties.getProperties("docsDir"); } final File docDir = new File(docsPath); if (!docDir.exists() || !docDir.canRead()) { System.out .println("Document directory '" + docDir.getAbsolutePath() + "' does not exist or is not readable, please check the path"); System.exit(1); } // 获取放置索引文件的位置,若传入参数为空,则读取search.properties中设置的默认值。 if (indexPath == null) { indexPath = LoadProperties.getProperties("indexDir"); } final File indexDir = new File(indexPath); if (!indexDir.exists() || !indexDir.canRead()) { System.out .println("Document directory '" + indexDir.getAbsolutePath() + "' does not exist or is not readable, please check the path"); System.exit(1); } try { // 1、创建索引库IndexWriter if(writer == null){ initialIndexWriter(indexDir); } index(writer, docDir); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally{ writer.close(); } } //使用了最简单的单例模式,用于返回一个唯一的IndexWirter,注意此处非线程安全,需要进一步优化。 private void initialIndexWriter(File indexDir) throws IOException { Directory returnIndexDir = FSDirectory.open(indexDir); IndexWriterConfig iwc = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_48,new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48)); writer = new IndexWriter(returnIndexDir, iwc); } private void index(IndexWriter writer, File filetoIndex) throws IOException { if (filetoIndex.isDirectory()) { String[] files = filetoIndex.list(); if (files != null) { for (int i = 0; i < files.length; i++) { index(writer, new File(filetoIndex, files[i])); } } } else { // 2、根据文件创建文档Document,考虑一下能否不用每次创建Document对象 Document doc = new Document(); Field pathField = new StringField("path", filetoIndex.getPath(), Field.Store.YES); doc.add(pathField); doc.add(new LongField("modified", filetoIndex.lastModified(), Field.Store.YES)); doc.add(new StringField("title",filetoIndex.getName(),Field.Store.YES)); doc.add(new TextField("contents", new FileReader(filetoIndex))); //System.out.println("Indexing " + filetoIndex.getName()); // 3、向索引库中写入文档内容 writer.addDocument(doc); } } }
一些说明:
(1)使用了最简单的单例模式,用于返回一个唯一的IndexWirter,注意此处非线程安全,需要进一步优化。
(2)注意IndexWriter,IndexReader等均需要耗费较大的资源用于创建实例,因此如非必要,使用单例模式创建一个实例后。
3、索引、Document、Filed之间的关系
简而言之,多个Filed组成一个Document,多个Document组成一个索引。
它们之间通过以下方法相互调用:
Document doc = new Document(); Field pathField = new StringField("path", filetoIndex.getPath(),Field.Store.YES); doc.add(pathField); writer.addDocument(doc);
二、关于Field
(一)创建一个域(field)的基本方法
Field field = new Field("filename", f.getName(), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED); Field field = new Field("contents", new FileReader(f)); Field field = new Field("fullpath", f.getCanonicalPath(), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED)Filed的四个参数分别代表:
<pre name="code" class="java">Field field = new StringField("path", filetoIndex.getPath(),Field.Store.YES); Field field = new LongField("modified", filetoIndex.lastModified(),Field.Store.NO); Field field = new TextField("contents", new FileReader(filetoIndex));在4.x以后,StringField即为NOT_ANALYZED的(即不对域的内容进行分割分析),而textField是ANALYZED的,因此,创建Field对象时,无需再指定此属性。见http://stackoverflow.com/questions/19042587/how-to-prevent-a-field-from-not-analyzing-in-lucene
Field field = new TextField("contents", new FileReader(filetoIndex));只对纯文本有效。对于word,excel,pdf等富文本,FileReader读取到的内容只是一些乱码,并不能形成有效的索引。
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16640292/lucene-4-2-0-index-pdf
doc.add(new TextField("contents", TikaBasicUtil.extractContent(filetoIndex),Field.Store.NO));注意此处不能使用StringField,因为StringField限制了字符串的大小不能超过32766,否则会报异常IllegalArgumentException:Document contains at least one immense term in field="contents" (whose UTF8 encoding is longer than the max length 32766)*/
使用Tika索引富文本的简单示例如下:
package org.jediael.util; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStream; import org.apache.tika.exception.TikaException; import org.apache.tika.metadata.Metadata; import org.apache.tika.parser.AutoDetectParser; import org.apache.tika.parser.ParseContext; import org.apache.tika.parser.Parser; import org.apache.tika.sax.BodyContentHandler; import org.xml.sax.ContentHandler; import org.xml.sax.SAXException; public class TikaBasicUtil { public static String extractContent(File f) { //1、创建一个parser Parser parser = new AutoDetectParser(); InputStream is = null; try { Metadata metadata = new Metadata(); metadata.set(Metadata.RESOURCE_NAME_KEY, f.getName()); is = new FileInputStream(f); ContentHandler handler = new BodyContentHandler(); ParseContext context = new ParseContext(); context.set(Parser.class,parser); //2、执行parser的parse()方法。 parser.parse(is,handler, metadata,context); String returnString = handler.toString(); System.out.println(returnString.length()); return returnString; } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (SAXException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (TikaException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }finally { try { if(is!=null) is.close(); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } return "No Contents"; } }
Directory returnIndexDir = FSDirectory.open(indexDir); IndexWriterConfig iwc = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_48,new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48)); iwc.setOpenMode(IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode.CREATE); writer = new IndexWriter(returnIndexDir, iwc); System.out.println(writer.getConfig().getOpenMode()+""); System.out.println(iwc.getOpenMode());创建一个IndexWriter时,需要2个参数,一个是Directory对象,用于指定所创建的索引写到哪个地方;另一个是IndexWriterConfig对象,用于指定writer的配置。
- java.lang.Object
-
- org.apache.lucene.index.LiveIndexWriterConfig
-
- org.apache.lucene.index.IndexWriterConfig
-
- All Implemented Interfaces:
- Cloneable
- (2)Holds all the configuration that is used to create an
IndexWriter
. OnceIndexWriter
has been created with this object, changes to this object will not affect theIndexWriter
instance. - (3)IndexWriterConfig.OpenMode:指明了打开索引目录的方式,有以下三种:
- APPEND:Opens an existing index. 若原来存在索引,则将本次索引的内容追加进来。不管文档是否与原来是否重复,因此若2次索引的文档相同,则返回结果数则为原来的2倍。
- CREATE:Creates a new index or overwrites an existing one. 若原来存在索引,则先将其删除,再创建新的索引
- CREATE_OR_APPEND【默认值】:Creates a new index if one does not exist, otherwise it opens the index and documents will be appended.
writer.addDocument(doc); writer.forceMerge(2);索引的优化是将索引结果文件归为一个或者有限的多个,它加大的索引过程中的消耗,减少了搜索时的消耗。
IndexWriterConfig iwc = new IndexWriterConfig(Version.LUCENE_48,new StandardAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48)); writer = new IndexWriter(IndexDir, iwc);
writer.addDocument(doc, new SimpleAnalyzer(Version.LUCENE_48));