基于注解的springmvc开发
原理简析
1. 背景知识:org.springframework.web.ServletContainerInitializer接口
在基于注解的servlet开发中,ServletContainerInitializer接口用于代替web.xml。它只有一个方法:onStartup,可以在其中注册servlet、拦截器(Filter)、监听器(Listener)这三大组件。另外,ServletContainerInitializer还可以使用@HandlesTypes在onStartup方法的参数列表中注入感兴趣的类。servlet容器启动时,会扫描每个jar包的项目根目录下的/META-INF/services/javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer文件,执行这个文件中指定的ServletContainerInitializer接口的实现类的onStartup方法。
2. org.springframework.web包提供的ServletContainerInitializer实现类
org.springframework.web包的/META-INF/services/javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer文件指定了ServletContainerInitializer接口的实现类:SpringServletContainerInitializer,首先来看一下这个类的spring源码:
package org.springframework.web; @HandlesTypes(WebApplicationInitializer.class) //(1) public class SpringServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer { @Override public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses, ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException { List<WebApplicationInitializer> initializers = new LinkedList<WebApplicationInitializer>(); if (webAppInitializerClasses != null) { for (Class<?> waiClass : webAppInitializerClasses) { // Be defensive: Some servlet containers provide us with invalid classes, // no matter what @HandlesTypes says... if (!waiClass.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(waiClass.getModifiers()) && WebApplicationInitializer.class.isAssignableFrom(waiClass)) { try { initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer) waiClass.newInstance()); //(2) } catch (Throwable ex) { throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", ex); } } } } if (initializers.isEmpty()) { servletContext.log("No Spring WebApplicationInitializer types detected on classpath"); return; } servletContext.log(initializers.size() + " Spring WebApplicationInitializers detected on classpath"); AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(initializers); for (WebApplicationInitializer initializer : initializers) { initializer.onStartup(servletContext); //(3) } } }
(1) 通过@HandlesType注解在onStartup方法的参数列表中注入感兴趣的类,即WebApplicationInitializer;
(2) 将WebApplicationInitializer的每个实现类,都新建一个实例,并放入initializers列表中;
(3) 遍历initializers列表,对每个WebApplicationInitializer实例执行其onStartup方法。
那么问题来了:WebApplicationInitializer有哪些实现类,是用来干什么的?
3. WebApplicationInitializer的实现类及其功能
WebApplicationInitializer的实现类有很多,重点看一下AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer
package org.springframework.web.servlet.support; public abstract class AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer extends AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer { @Override @Nullable protected WebApplicationContext createRootApplicationContext() { Class<?>[] configClasses = getRootConfigClasses(); if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(configClasses)) { AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext(); context.register(configClasses); return context; } else { return null; } } @Override protected WebApplicationContext createServletApplicationContext() { AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext(); Class<?>[] configClasses = getServletConfigClasses(); if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(configClasses)) { context.register(configClasses); } return context; } @Nullable protected abstract Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses(); @Nullable protected abstract Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses(); }
这个类提供了两个方法的实现,以及两个抽象方法供子类继承
(1) createRootApplicationContext:创建根容器;
(2) createServletApplicationContext:创建servlet容器;
(3) getRootConfigClasses:抽象类,用于注册根容器的配置类,相当于spring.xml;
(4) getServletConfigClasses:抽象的类,用于注册servlet容器的配置类,相当于springmvc.xml;
另外,它还从AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer类继承了getServletMappings方法,用于注册servlet的映射。
因此,我们可以自定义一个WebApplicationInitializer的实现类,继承AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;在servlet容器启动时,会创建spring根容器和servlet容器,代替web.xml配置文件。同时,我们可以看到,在基于注解的springmvc开发中,真正用于代替web.xml的是WebApplicationInitializer,而并不是ServletContainerInitializer,这与本文开头提到的基于注解的servlet开发有些区别。
4. 根容器和servlet容器
根容器用于管理@Service、@Repository等业务逻辑层和数据库交互层组件;
servlet容器用于管理@Controller、视图解析器、拦截器等跟页面处理有关的组件。
使用步骤
0. 导包或添加依赖:spring-web、spring-webmvc
1. 编写数据库访问层、业务逻辑层、控制层等组件,这个跟基于配置文件的springmvc没有区别;
2. 编写根容器和servlet容器的配置类,这里不需要添加@Configuration注解;
3. 自定义WebApplicationInitializer,继承AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
4. 在3的实现类中注册根容器和servlet容器的配置类,以及servlet映射;
5. 在servlet容器中中注册视图解析器、拦截器等组件,用法是使servlet容器配置类实现WebMvcConfigurer接口,
然后选择相应的方法进行注册,详见示例demo。
示例Demo
pom文件
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId> <version>5.1.6-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId> <version>5.1.6-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
业务逻辑层组件
package cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.service; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; /** * 业务逻辑层组件 * created on 2019-05-04 */ @Service public class BusinessService { public String resolve(String source) { return "hello " + source; } }
控制层组件
package cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.controller; import cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.service.BusinessService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody; /** * 控制层组件 * created on 2019-05-04 */ @Controller @RequestMapping(value = "/business") public class BusinessController { //从容器中自动装配组件 @Autowired private BusinessService businessService; @GetMapping(value = "/resolve") @ResponseBody public String resolve(String source) { String result = this.businessService.resolve(source); return result; } }
自定义springmvc拦截器
package cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.interceptor; import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor; import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; /** * 自定义的springmvc拦截器 * created on 2019-05-12 */ public class CustomedInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor { /** * 重写preHandle方法 * @param request * @param response * @param handler * @return * @throws Exception */ @Override public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception { System.out.println("preHandle正在执行..."); return true; } /** * 重写postHandle方法 * @param request * @param response * @param handler * @param modelAndView * @throws Exception */ @Override public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception { System.out.println("postHandle正在执行..."); } /** * 重写afterCompletion方法 * @param request * @param response * @param handler * @param ex * @throws Exception */ @Override public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception { System.out.println("afterCompletion正在执行..."); } }
根容器的配置类,用于管理数据库访问层、业务逻辑层等组件,相当于spring.xml
package cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; /** * 根容器配置类 * created on 2019-05-04 */
@Configuration @ComponentScan(basePackages = {"cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.service"}) public class RootConfig { }
servlet容器的配置类,用于管理控制层、视图解析器等组件,相当于springmvc.xml
可以在其中配置视图解析器、静态资源解析器、拦截器等组件
package cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.config; import cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.interceptor.CustomedInterceptor; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.*; /** * servlet容器配置类
* @EnableWebMvc相当于配置文件中的<mvc:annotation-drivern /> * created on 2019-05-04 */ @Configuration @ComponentScan(basePackages = {"cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.controller"}) @EnableWebMvc public class ServletConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer { /** * 注册视图解析器 * @param registry */ @Override public void configureViewResolvers(ViewResolverRegistry registry) { registry.jsp("/WEB-INF/views/", ".jsp"); } /** * 注册静态资源解析器 * 将springmvc处理不了的请求交给tomcat * @param configurer */ @Override public void configureDefaultServletHandling(DefaultServletHandlerConfigurer configurer) { configurer.enable(); } /** * 注册拦截器 * @param registry */ @Override public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) { registry.addInterceptor(new CustomedInterceptor()); } }
自定义的WebApplicationInitializer,用于注册根容器、servlet容器、servlet映射、拦截器、监听器等,相当于web.xml
package cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.initializer; import cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.config.RootConfig; import cn.monolog.annabelle.springmvc.config.ServletConfig; import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer; /** * 自定义web容器启动器 * created on 2019-05-04 */ public class CustomerServletInitializer extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer { /** * 注册根容器配置类 * @return */ @Override protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() { return new Class[]{RootConfig.class}; } /** * 注册servlet容器配置类 * @return */ @Override protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() { return new Class[]{ServletConfig.class}; } /** * 注册servlet的映射 * @return */ @Override protected String[] getServletMappings() { return new String[]{"/"}; } }
测试代码
<html> <head> <title>homepage</title> <style type="text/css"> a { color: blueviolet; font-size: 20px; } </style> </head> <body> <a href="/annabelle/business/resolve?source=violet">start...</a> </body> </html>