ASP.NET MVC 4 (八) URL链接和Ajax帮助函数

使用帮助函数创建链接

MVC提供一些帮助函数创建链接,这些函数根据路径映射表自动调整生成的URL:

说明 示例 输出结果
应用程序相对URL Url.Content("~/Content/Site.css")  /Content/Site.css
到控制器action的链接 Html.ActionLink("My Link", "Index", "Home") <a href="/">My Link</a> 
Action的URL Url.Action("GetPeople", "People") /People/GetPeople 
使用路径映射的URL Url.RouteUrl(new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"})  /People/GetPeople 
使用路径映射的链接

Html.RouteLink("My Link", new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"})

<a href="/People/GetPeople">My Link</a>
命名路径映射的链接

Html.RouteLink("My Link", "FormRoute", new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"})

<a href="/app/forms/People/GetPeople">My Link</a> 

使用MVC Unobtrusive Ajax

MVC内建基于jQuery的unobtrusive Ajax的支持,之所以称之为unobtrusive Ajax是因为不像常规Ajax那样大量使用XML。要使用unobtrusive Ajax,首先需要在web.config的 configuration/appSettings一节开启UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled支持:

... 
<configuration> 
<!-- other elements omitted for brevity --> 
<appSettings> 
<add key="webpages:Version" value="2.0.0.0" /> 
<add key="webpages:Enabled" value="false" /> 
<add key="PreserveLoginUrl" value="true" /> 
<add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true" /> 
<add key="UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled" value="true" /> 
</appSettings> 
<!-- other elements omitted for brevity --> 
</configuration> 
... 

同时我们需要引用相关的javascript文件,可以把对这些脚本文件的引用放到布局文件_layout.cshtml中:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
    <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>
    <link href="~/Content/Site.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
    <script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
    @RenderBody()
</body>
</html>

jquery-1.7.1.min.js为jQuery的核心库,jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js则提供Ajax功能(基于jquery库),文件名中的.min表示几乎不可能调试的缩减版本,可以在开发时使用非.min版本,发布时再采用.min版本。

使用Unobtrusive Ajax表单

下面以实例演示如何使用Ajax表单,从控制器开始:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using HelperMethods.Models;
namespace HelperMethods.Controllers
{
    public class PeopleController : Controller
    {
        private Person[] personData = { 
new Person {FirstName = "Adam", LastName = "Freeman", Role = Role.Admin}, 
new Person {FirstName = "Steven", LastName = "Sanderson", Role = Role.Admin}, 
new Person {FirstName = "Jacqui", LastName = "Griffyth", Role = Role.User}, 
new Person {FirstName = "John", LastName = "Smith", Role = Role.User}, 
new Person {FirstName = "Anne", LastName = "Jones", Role = Role.Guest} 
};
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }
        public PartialViewResult GetPeopleData(string selectedRole = "All")
        {
            IEnumerable<Person> data = personData;
            if (selectedRole != "All")
            {
                Role selected = (Role)Enum.Parse(typeof(Role), selectedRole);
                data = personData.Where(p => p.Role == selected);
            }
            return PartialView(data);
        }
        public ActionResult GetPeople(string selectedRole = "All")
        {
            return View((object)selectedRole);
        }
    }
}

GetPeopleData()方法根据选择的角色过滤Person列表,返回一个分部视图,对应的GetPeopleData.cshtml:

@using HelperMethods.Models
@model IEnumerable<Person>

@foreach (Person p in Model) {
    <tr>
        <td>@p.FirstName</td>
        <td>@p.LastName</td>
        <td>@p.Role</td>
    </tr>                
}

在Getpeople视图中我们调用GetPeopleData()同时创建一个Ajax form: 

@using HelperMethods.Models
@model string
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople";
    AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions
    {
        UpdateTargetId = "tableBody"
    };
}
<h2>Get People</h2>
<table>
    <thead><tr><th>First</th><th>Last</th><th>Role</th></tr></thead>
    <tbody id="tableBody">
        @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model })
    </tbody>
</table>
@using (Ajax.BeginForm("GetPeopleData", ajaxOpts))
{
    <div>
        @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList(new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))))
        <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </div>
} 

Ajax.BeginForm()创建一个Ajax form,使用AjaxOptions对象作为参数,生成的HTML结果:

... 
<form action="/People/GetPeopleData" data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody"id="form0" method="post"> 
... 

浏览器请求GetPeople页面时jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js扫描data-ajax=true的单元,以此确认这是一个ajax的表单,点击提交时不刷新整个页面,而是用从/people/getpeopledata返回的结果替换tablebody的内容。

Ajax options

AjaxOptions控制向服务器异步请求时的方式,包含这些属性:

属性 说明
Confirm 在开始异步请求时向用户显示一条消息以确认
HttpMethod 设置请求的HTTP方法,必须是get或者post
InsertionMode 如何嵌入服务器结果返回的HTML,可以是InsertAfter、InsertBefore、Replace(默认)
LoadingElementId 指定Ajax请求时要显示的Loading单元元素ID
LoadingElementDuration Loading元素动画显示的时长
UpdateTargetId 请求返回结果要插入的元素ID
Url Ajax表单提交的URL

上面的GetPeople视图Ajax form提交的URL是/People/GetPeopleData,如果用户禁止了java脚本,提交form返回的结果会只是GetPeopleData分部视图,我们可以直接在ajaxOptions指定ajax请求的URL来解决: 

@using HelperMethods.Models
@model string
@{
    ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople";
    AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions
    {
        UpdateTargetId = "tableBody",
        Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData"),
        LoadingElementId = "loading",
        LoadingElementDuration = 1000,
        Confirm = "Do you wish to request new data?"
    };
}
<h2>Get People</h2>
<div id="loading" class="load" style="display:none">
    <p>Loading Data...</p>
</div>
<table>
    <thead><tr><th>First</th><th>Last</th><th>Role</th></tr></thead>
    <tbody id="tableBody">
        @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model })
    </tbody>
</table>
@using (Ajax.BeginForm(ajaxOpts))
{
    <div>
        @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList(
new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))))
        <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </div>
}

生成的表单HTML:

... 
<form action="/People/GetPeople"data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody" data-ajax-url="/People/GetPeopleData"id="form0" method="post"> 
... 

这样表单提交的URL依然是/People/GetPeople,即使禁止了java脚本返回的仍然是GetPeople页面,ajax请求的URL通过data-ajax-url指定为/People/GetPeopleData。我们还设置 AjaxOptions.LoadingElementId为Loading,这是一个diplay:none风格的DIV元素,它只在AJAX异步请求时显示一秒钟(LoadingElementDuration = 1000)。AjaxOptions.Confirm= "Do you wish to request new data?" ,在每次Ajax请求时都会弹出网页Message对话框询问(对话框消息为这里设定的"Do you wish to request new data?")。

Ajax链接

上面的例子中我们使用表单提交数据,如果是使用链接做ajax异步请求可以这样操作:

...
<div> 
@foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))) { 
  <div class="ajaxLink"> 
  @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeopleData", 
    new {selectedRole = role}, 
    new AjaxOptions {UpdateTargetId = "tableBody"}) 
  </div> 
} 
</div> 
...

这里对role枚举中每个元素生成一个链接,生成的链接元素类似:

... 
<a data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody" href="/People/GetPeopleData?selectedRole=Guest">Guest</a> 
... 

点击某个链接时ajax返回的HTML数据会用于替换tableBody元素,和使用表单提交ajax请求效果一样。同样如果禁用了java脚本,返回的结果会只是getpeopledata分部视图,我们可以这样改进:

<div> 
@foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))) { 
  <div class="ajaxLink"> 
  @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeople", 
    new {selectedRole = role}, 
    new AjaxOptions { UpdateTargetId = "tableBody", Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData", new {selectedRole = role}) 
    }) 
  </div> 
} 
</div> 

链接请求的地址是GetPeople,Ajax请求的URL则仅是GetPeopleData,请求的HTML结果作用于tablebody。

Ajax回调

AjaxOptions类暴露一组属性允许我们指定一个java脚本函数,在ajax请求周期中调用这些脚本函数:

属性 jQuery事件 说明
OnBegin beforeSend 在Ajax请求发送前调用
OnComplete complete 请求成功时调用
OnFailure error 请求失败时调用
OnSuccess success 无论请求成功与否都在请求完成时调用

结合回调函数我们可以对上面的例子进一步修改,首先修改控制器的GetPeopleData方法:

        public ActionResult GetPeopleData(string selectedRole = "All")
        {
            IEnumerable<Person> data = personData;
            if (selectedRole != "All")
            {
                Role selected = (Role)Enum.Parse(typeof(Role), selectedRole);
                data = personData.Where(p => p.Role == selected);
            }
            if (Request.IsAjaxRequest())
            {
                var formattedData = data.Select(p => new
                {
                    FirstName = p.FirstName,
                    LastName = p.LastName,
                    Role = Enum.GetName(typeof(Role), p.Role)
                });
                return Json(formattedData, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
            }
            else
            {
                return PartialView(data);
            }
        } 

我们使用Request.IsAjaxRequest判断请求是否来自于ajax,它的依据是浏览器在ajax请求时在头中会包含X-Requested-With=XMLHttpRequest。如果请求来自于ajax,控制器方法返回的是Json(data, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet)创建的JsonResult对象,默认JSON数据只在POST请求中发送,这里在第二个参数中指定JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet允许在GET请求中使用JSON数据。MVC框架负责对formattedData做json封装,封装的格式由MVC尝试使用最适宜的方法确定,这里返回的JSON数据类似:

... 
{"PersonId":0,"FirstName":"Adam","LastName":"Freeman", 
"BirthDate":"\/Date(62135596800000)\/","HomeAddress":null,"IsApproved":false,"Role":0} 
... 

视图中我们在AjaxOptions的OnSucess回调函数中处理返回的JSON数据:

@using HelperMethods.Models
@model string
@{ 
    ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople";
    AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions
    {
        //UpdateTargetId = "tableBody",
        Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData"),
        LoadingElementId = "loading",
        LoadingElementDuration = 1000,
        OnSuccess = "processData" 
    };
}
<script type="text/javascript">
    function processData(data) {
        var target = $("#tableBody");
        target.empty();
        for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
            var person = data[i];
            target.append("<tr><td>" + person.FirstName + "</td><td>"
            + person.LastName + "</td><td>" + person.Role + "</td></tr>");
        }
    }
</script>
<h2>Get People</h2>
<div id="loading" class="load" style="display: none">
    <p>Loading Data...</p>
</div>
<table>
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th>First</th>
            <th>Last</th>
            <th>Role</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody id="tableBody">
        @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model })
    </tbody>
</table>
@using (Ajax.BeginForm(ajaxOpts))
{ 
    <div>
        @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList(
new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))))
        <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </div> 
}

<div>
    @foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))
    { 
        <div class="ajaxLink">
            @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeople",
new { selectedRole = role },
new AjaxOptions
{
    Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = role }),
    OnSuccess = "processData"
})
        </div> 
    }
</div>

脚本函数processData在AjaxOptions的OnSuccess回调时调用,它负责处理请求返回的JSON数据,从中分拆出各个Person对象,根据这些数据直接改写tableBody标签的内容,因此我们不再需要在AjaxOptions通过UpdateTargetId指定要替换内容的元素。

 

以上为对《Apress Pro ASP.NET MVC 4》第四版相关内容的总结,不详之处参见原版 http://www.apress.com/9781430242369。 

 

posted @ 2014-05-04 12:50  断水流  阅读(11166)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报