【学习笔记】扩展中国剩余定理（主讲取模）

1.前言

扩展中国剩余定理好绕啊，很多地方取模都有讲究，所以写篇笔记来方便自己复习。

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2.问题

给出一个二元组序列 $\{(b_i,m_i)\}$，要求找出一个 $Q$，满足要求：

$$\forall (b_i,m_i)，Q\equiv b_i(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}{m}_i)$$

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3.思路

1. 找到一个都满足的解，将余数修改为这个解（记录下一个解）
2. 将两个同余方程的模数修改为 $lcm(m_i,m_j)$（合并， $lcm(m_i,m_j$ 即为新方程的周期）
3. 继续向下合并

具体式子：
合并两个同余方程
$Q\equiv b_i(mod{m}_i)$
$Q\equiv b_j(mod{m}_j)$
合并为:
求出 $x,y$，满足要求$x\ast m_i+b_i=y\ast m_j+b_j$
$Q\equiv b_i+x\ast m_i(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}lcm(m_i,m_j))$

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4.实现

思路相当简单，但是为了防止溢出，我们需要及时的取模，而实现的取模特别有讲究。

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1.求解 $x,y$ 的过程

由于我们合并的最终式子只有 $x$，所以我们可以不考虑 $y$ 的值

条件为 $x\ast m_i+b_i=y\ast m_j+b_j$，等价于 $x\ast m_i\equiv b_j-b_i(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}{m}_j)$

所以 $b_j-b_i$ 可以对 $m_j$ 取模

令 $p=delta=\frac{lcm(m_i,m_j)}{m_i}$

则 $x$ 可以对 $p$ 取模

2.合并的过程

令 $M=lcm(m_i,m_j)$，而 $Q\equiv b_i+x\ast m_i(\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{d}M)$

则 $Q(b_i+x\ast m_i)$ 可以对 $M$ 取模

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5.参考代码

#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define LL long long
#define ULL unsigned long long

template <typename T> void read (T &x) { x = 0; T f = 1;char tem = getchar ();while (tem < '0' || tem > '9') {if (tem == '-') f = -1;tem = getchar ();}while (tem >= '0' && tem <= '9') {x = (x << 1) + (x << 3) + tem - '0';tem = getchar ();}x *= f; return; }
template <typename T> void write (T x) { if (x < 0) {x = -x;putchar ('-');}if (x > 9) write (x / 10);putchar (x % 10 + '0'); }
template <typename T> void print (T x, char ch) { write (x); putchar (ch); }
template <typename T> T Max (T x, T y) { return x > y ? x : y; }
template <typename T> T Min (T x, T y) { return x < y ? x : y; }
template <typename T> T Abs (T x) { return x > 0 ? x : -x; }

LL gcd (LL x, LL y) {
	if (y == 0) return x;
	else return gcd (y, x % y);
}
LL lcm (LL x, LL y) {
	return x / gcd (x, y) * y;
}
void exgcd (LL a, LL b, LL &x, LL &y) {
	if (b == 0) {
		x = 1; y = 0;
		return ;
	}
	exgcd (b, a % b, y, x);
	y -= (a / b) * x; 
}
LL mul (LL x, LL y, LL Mod) {
	LL res = 0;
	while (y) {
		if (y & 1) res = (res + x) % Mod;
		x = (x + x) % Mod; y >>= 1;
	}
	return res;
}
LL solve (LL a, LL b, LL c) {
	LL _gcd = gcd (a, b);
	c = (c % b + b) % b;
	if (c % _gcd != 0) return -1;
	
	LL x, y;
	exgcd (a, b, x, y);
	LL p = b / _gcd;
	x = (x % p + p) % p;
	x = mul (x, c / _gcd, p);
	return x;
}

const int Maxn = 1e5;

int n;
struct Eq {
	LL Mod, b;
}a[Maxn + 5];

int main () {
	read (n);
	for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
		read (a[i].Mod); read (a[i].b);
		a[i].b %= a[i].Mod;
	}
	
	LL Mod = a[1].Mod, b = a[1].b;
	for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
		LL res = solve (Mod, a[i].Mod, a[i].b - b);
		if (res == -1) {
			printf ("No Answer!");
			return 0;
		}
		LL M = lcm (Mod, a[i].Mod);
		b = (b + mul (res, Mod, M)) % M;
		Mod = M; 
	}
	printf ("%lld", b);
	return 0;
}