Ubuntu安装Nginx
在Ubuntu下安装Nginx有以下方法，但是如果想要安装最新版本的就必须下载源码包编译安装。
一、基于APT源安装
sudo apt-get install nginx
安装好的文件位置：
/usr/sbin/nginx：主程序 /etc/nginx：存放配置文件 /usr/share/nginx：存放静态文件 /var/log/nginx：存放日志
其实从上面的根目录文件夹可以知道，Linux系统的配置文件一般放在 /etc ，日志一般放在 /var/log ，运行的程序一般放在 /usr/sbin 或者 /usr/bin 。
当然，如果要更清楚Nginx的配置项放在什么地方，可以打开 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
我猜测，Nginx如果指定默认加载 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 的配置文件。如果要查看加载的是哪个配置文件，可以用这个命令 sudo nginx -t 或者 ps -ef | grep nginx 。
然后通过这种方式安装的，会自动创建服务，会自动在 /etc/init.d/nginx 新建服务脚本，然后就可以使用 sudo service nginx {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest|rotate|upgrade} 的命令启动。
脚本如下：
#!/bin/sh ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: nginx # Required-Start: $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named # Required-Stop: $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 6 # Short-Description: starts the nginx web server # Description: starts nginx using start-stop-daemon ### END INIT INFO PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin DAEMON=/usr/sbin/nginx NAME=nginx DESC=nginx # Include nginx defaults if available if [ -r /etc/default/nginx ]; then . /etc/default/nginx fi STOP_SCHEDULE="${STOP_SCHEDULE:-QUIT/5/TERM/5/KILL/5}" test -x $DAEMON || exit 0 . /lib/init/vars.sh . /lib/lsb/init-functions # Try to extract nginx pidfile PID=$(cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf | grep -Ev '^\s*#' | awk 'BEGIN { RS="[;{}]" } { if ($1 == "pid") print $2 }' | head -n1) if [ -z "$PID" ]; then PID=/run/nginx.pid fi if [ -n "$ULIMIT" ]; then # Set ulimit if it is set in /etc/default/nginx ulimit $ULIMIT fi start_nginx() { # Start the daemon/service # # Returns: # 0 if daemon has been started # 1 if daemon was already running # 2 if daemon could not be started start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PID --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null \ || return 1 start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PID --exec $DAEMON -- \ $DAEMON_OPTS 2>/dev/null \ || return 2 } test_config() { # Test the nginx configuration $DAEMON -t $DAEMON_OPTS >/dev/null 2>&1 } stop_nginx() { # Stops the daemon/service # # Return # 0 if daemon has been stopped # 1 if daemon was already stopped # 2 if daemon could not be stopped # other if a failure occurred start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=$STOP_SCHEDULE --pidfile $PID --name $NAME RETVAL="$?" sleep 1 return "$RETVAL" } reload_nginx() { # Function that sends a SIGHUP to the daemon/service start-stop-daemon --stop --signal HUP --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME return 0 } rotate_logs() { # Rotate log files start-stop-daemon --stop --signal USR1 --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME return 0 } upgrade_nginx() { # Online upgrade nginx executable # http://nginx.org/en/docs/control.html # # Return # 0 if nginx has been successfully upgraded # 1 if nginx is not running # 2 if the pid files were not created on time # 3 if the old master could not be killed if start-stop-daemon --stop --signal USR2 --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME; then # Wait for both old and new master to write their pid file while [ ! -s "${PID}.oldbin" ] || [ ! -s "${PID}" ]; do cnt=`expr $cnt + 1` if [ $cnt -gt 10 ]; then return 2 fi sleep 1 done # Everything is ready, gracefully stop the old master if start-stop-daemon --stop --signal QUIT --quiet --pidfile "${PID}.oldbin" --name $NAME; then return 0 else return 3 fi else return 1 fi } case "$1" in start) log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME" start_nginx case "$?" in 0|1) log_end_msg 0 ;; 2) log_end_msg 1 ;; esac ;; stop) log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME" stop_nginx case "$?" in 0|1) log_end_msg 0 ;; 2) log_end_msg 1 ;; esac ;; restart) log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME" # Check configuration before stopping nginx if ! test_config; then log_end_msg 1 # Configuration error exit $? fi stop_nginx case "$?" in 0|1) start_nginx case "$?" in 0) log_end_msg 0 ;; 1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running *) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start esac ;; *) # Failed to stop log_end_msg 1 ;; esac ;; reload|force-reload) log_daemon_msg "Reloading $DESC configuration" "$NAME" # Check configuration before stopping nginx # # This is not entirely correct since the on-disk nginx binary # may differ from the in-memory one, but that's not common. # We prefer to check the configuration and return an error # to the administrator. if ! test_config; then log_end_msg 1 # Configuration error exit $? fi reload_nginx log_end_msg $? ;; configtest|testconfig) log_daemon_msg "Testing $DESC configuration" test_config log_end_msg $? ;; status) status_of_proc -p $PID "$DAEMON" "$NAME" && exit 0 || exit $? ;; upgrade) log_daemon_msg "Upgrading binary" "$NAME" upgrade_nginx log_end_msg $? ;; rotate) log_daemon_msg "Re-opening $DESC log files" "$NAME" rotate_logs log_end_msg $? ;; *) echo "Usage: $NAME {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest|rotate|upgrade}" >&2 exit 3 ;; esac
还有一个好处，创建好的文件由于放在/usr/sbin目录下，所以能直接在终端中使用nginx命令而无需指定路径。
二、通过源码包编译安装
这种方式可以自定安装指定的模块以及最新的版本。方式更灵活。
官方下载页面：http://nginx.org/en/download.html
configure配置文件详解：http://nginx.org/en/docs/configure.html
安装gcc g++的依赖库
Nginx是C语言开发，安装nginx需要先将官网下载的源码进行编译，编译依赖gcc环境，如果没有gcc环境
sudo apt-get install build-essential sudo apt-get install libtool
centos的话：yum install gcc-c++
安装pcre依赖库（http://www.pcre.org/）
是一个Perl库，包括 perl 兼容的正则表达式库。nginx的http模块使用pcre来解析正则表达式，所以需要在linux上安装pcre库
sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install libpcre3 libpcre3-dev
centos的话：yum install -y pcre pcre-devel
安装zlib依赖库（http://www.zlib.net）
zlib库提供了很多种压缩和解压缩的方式，nginx使用zlib对http包的内容进行gzip，所以需要在linux上安装zlib库
sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev
centos的话：yum install -y zlib zlib-devel
安装SSL依赖库（16.04默认已经安装了）
OpenSSL 是一个强大的安全套接字层密码库，囊括主要的密码算法、常用的密钥和证书封装管理功能及SSL协议，并提供丰富的应用程序供测试或其它目的使用。
nginx不仅支持http协议，还支持https（即在ssl协议上传输http），所以需要在linux安装openssl库。
sudo apt-get install openssl
centos的话：yum install -y openssl openssl-devel
安装Nginx
#下载最新版本： wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.13.6.tar.gz #解压： tar -zxvf nginx-1.13.9.tar.gz #进入解压目录： cd nginx-1.13.6 #配置： ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx #编译： make #安装： sudo make install #启动： sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 注意：-c 指定配置文件的路径，不加的话，nginx会自动加载默认路径的配置文件，可以通过-h查看帮助命令。 #查看进程： ps -ef | grep nginx
关于configure、make、make install
源码的安装一般由有这三个步骤：配置(configure)、编译(make)、安装(make install) 其中–prefix选项就是配置安装的路径，如果不配置该选项，安装后可执行文件默认放在/usr /local/bin，库文件默认放在/usr/local/lib，配置文件默认放在/usr/local/etc，其它的资源文件放在/usr /local/share，比较分散。 为了便于集中管理某个软件的各种文件，可以配置–prefix，如：./configure –prefix=/usr/local 。可以把所有资源文件放在/usr/local的路径中，就不会分散了。
使用--prefix选项的另一个好处是方便卸载软件或移植软件；当某个安装的软件不再需要时，只须简单的删除该安装目录，就可以把软件卸载得干干净净；而移植软件只需拷贝整个目录到另外一个机器即可（相同的操作系统下）。
configure
首先检查机器的一些配置和环境，系统的相关依赖。如果缺少相关依赖，脚本会停止执行，软件安装失败
根据之前检查环境和依赖的结果，生产Makefile文件（main job）
make
make是Unix系统下的一个包。执行make命令需Makefile文件。make会根据Makefile文件中指令来安装软件
Makefile文件中有许多标签，来表示不同的section。一般的，make会编译源代码并生成可执行文件，其实Makefile主要就是描述文件编译的相互依赖关系
make install
当执行make命令不加任何参数，程序就会按照Makefile的指令在相应的section间跳转并且执行相应的命令 加上install参数即执行make install时，程序只会执行install section处的命令。install section的指令会将make阶段生产的可执行文件拷贝到相应的地方，例如/usr/local/bin make clean 会删除上次make生产的obj文件以及可执行文件
配置软链接
sudo ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/bin/nginx
现在就可以不用路径直接输入nginx启动。
配置开机启动服务
在/etc/init.d/下创建nginx文件，sudo vim /etc/init.d/nginx，内容如下：
#!/bin/sh ### BEGIN INIT INFO # Provides: nginx # Required-Start: $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named # Required-Stop: $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named # Default-Start: 2 3 4 5 # Default-Stop: 0 1 6 # Short-Description: starts the nginx web server # Description: starts nginx using start-stop-daemon ### END INIT INFO PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin DAEMON=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx NAME=nginx DESC=nginx # Include nginx defaults if available if [ -r /etc/default/nginx ]; then . /etc/default/nginx fi STOP_SCHEDULE="${STOP_SCHEDULE:-QUIT/5/TERM/5/KILL/5}" test -x $DAEMON || exit 0 . /lib/init/vars.sh . /lib/lsb/init-functions # Try to extract nginx pidfile PID=$(cat /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf | grep -Ev '^\s*#' | awk 'BEGIN { RS="[;{}]" } { if ($1 == "pid") print $2 }' | head -n1) if [ -z "$PID" ]; then PID=/run/nginx.pid fi if [ -n "$ULIMIT" ]; then # Set ulimit if it is set in /etc/default/nginx ulimit $ULIMIT fi start_nginx() { # Start the daemon/service # # Returns: # 0 if daemon has been started # 1 if daemon was already running # 2 if daemon could not be started start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PID --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null \ || return 1 start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PID --exec $DAEMON -- \ $DAEMON_OPTS 2>/dev/null \ || return 2 } test_config() { # Test the nginx configuration $DAEMON -t $DAEMON_OPTS >/dev/null 2>&1 } stop_nginx() { # Stops the daemon/service # # Return # 0 if daemon has been stopped # 1 if daemon was already stopped # 2 if daemon could not be stopped # other if a failure occurred start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=$STOP_SCHEDULE --pidfile $PID --name $NAME RETVAL="$?" sleep 1 return "$RETVAL" } reload_nginx() { # Function that sends a SIGHUP to the daemon/service start-stop-daemon --stop --signal HUP --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME return 0 } rotate_logs() { # Rotate log files start-stop-daemon --stop --signal USR1 --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME return 0 } upgrade_nginx() { # Online upgrade nginx executable # http://nginx.org/en/docs/control.html # # Return # 0 if nginx has been successfully upgraded # 1 if nginx is not running # 2 if the pid files were not created on time # 3 if the old master could not be killed if start-stop-daemon --stop --signal USR2 --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME; then # Wait for both old and new master to write their pid file while [ ! -s "${PID}.oldbin" ] || [ ! -s "${PID}" ]; do cnt=`expr $cnt + 1` if [ $cnt -gt 10 ]; then return 2 fi sleep 1 done # Everything is ready, gracefully stop the old master if start-stop-daemon --stop --signal QUIT --quiet --pidfile "${PID}.oldbin" --name $NAME; then return 0 else return 3 fi else return 1 fi } case "$1" in start) log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME" start_nginx case "$?" in 0|1) log_end_msg 0 ;; 2) log_end_msg 1 ;; esac ;; stop) log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME" stop_nginx case "$?" in 0|1) log_end_msg 0 ;; 2) log_end_msg 1 ;; esac ;; restart) log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME" # Check configuration before stopping nginx if ! test_config; then log_end_msg 1 # Configuration error exit $? fi stop_nginx case "$?" in 0|1) start_nginx case "$?" in 0) log_end_msg 0 ;; 1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running *) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start esac ;; *) # Failed to stop log_end_msg 1 ;; esac ;; reload|force-reload) log_daemon_msg "Reloading $DESC configuration" "$NAME" # Check configuration before stopping nginx # # This is not entirely correct since the on-disk nginx binary # may differ from the in-memory one, but that's not common. # We prefer to check the configuration and return an error # to the administrator. if ! test_config; then log_end_msg 1 # Configuration error exit $? fi reload_nginx log_end_msg $? ;; configtest|testconfig) log_daemon_msg "Testing $DESC configuration" test_config log_end_msg $? ;; status) status_of_proc -p $PID "$DAEMON" "$NAME" && exit 0 || exit $? ;; upgrade) log_daemon_msg "Upgrading binary" "$NAME" upgrade_nginx log_end_msg $? ;; rotate) log_daemon_msg "Re-opening $DESC log files" "$NAME" rotate_logs log_end_msg $? ;; *) echo "Usage: $NAME {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest|rotate|upgrade}" >&2 exit 3 ;; esac
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#设置服务脚本有执行权限 sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx #注册服务
cd /etc/init.d/ sudo update-rc.d nginx defaults
现在基本上就可以开机启动了，常用的命令如下：
sudo service nginx {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest|rotate|upgrade}
