字符串Hash函数评估
Hash查找因为其O(1)的查找性能而著称,被对查找性能要求高的应用所广泛采用。它的基本思想是:
(1) 创建一个定长的线性Hash表,一般可以初始化时指定length;
(2) 设计Hash函数,将关键字key散射到Hash表中。其中hash函数设计是最为关键的,均匀分布、冲突概率小全在它;
(3) 通常采用拉链方法来解决hash冲突问题,即散射到同一个hash表项的关键字,以链表形式来表示(也称为桶backet);
(4) 给定关键字key,就可以在O(1) + O(m)的时间复杂度内定位到目标。其中,m为拉链长度,即桶深。
Hash应用中,字符串是最为常见的关键字,应用非常普通,现在的程序设计语言中基本上都提供了字符串hash表的支持。字符串hash函数非常多,常见的主要有Simple_hash, RS_hash, JS_hash, PJW_hash, ELF_hash, BKDR_hash, SDBM_hash, DJB_hash, AP_hash, CRC_hash等。它们的C语言实现见后面附录代码: hash.h, hash.c。那么这么些字符串hash函数,谁好熟非呢?评估hash函数优劣的基准主要有以下两个指标:
(1) 散列分布性
即桶的使用率backet_usage = (已使用桶数) / (总的桶数),这个比例越高,说明分布性良好,是好的hash设计。
(2) 平均桶长
即avg_backet_len,所有已使用桶的平均长度。理想状态下这个值应该=1,越小说明冲突发生地越少,是好的hash设计。
hash函数计算一般都非常简洁,因此在耗费计算时间复杂性方面判别甚微,这里不作对比。
评估方案设计是这样的:
(1) 以200M的视频文件作为输入源,以4KB的块为大小计算MD5值,并以此作为hash关键字;
(2) 分别应用上面提到的各种字符串hash函数,进行hash散列模拟;
(3) 统计结果,用散列分布性和平均桶长两个指标进行评估分析。
测试程序见附录代码hashtest.c,测试结果如下表所示。从这个结果我们也可以看出,这些字符串hash函数真是不相仲伯,难以决出高低,所以实际应用中可以根据喜好选择。当然,最好实际测试一下,毕竟应用特点不大相同。其他几组测试结果也类似,这里不再给出。
Hash函数 | 桶数 | Hash调用总数 | 最大桶长 | 平均桶长 | 桶使用率% |
simple_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.63 | 99.00% |
RS_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.63 | 98.91% |
JS_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 15 | 4.64 | 98.87% |
PJW_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.63 | 99.00% |
ELF_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.63 | 99.00% |
BKDR_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.63 | 99.00% |
SDBM_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.63 | 98.90% |
DJB_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 15 | 4.64 | 98.85% |
AP_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.63 | 98.96% |
CRC_hash | 10240 | 47198 | 16 | 4.64 | 98.77% |
附录源代码:
hash.h
- #ifndef _HASH_H
- #define _HASH_H
- #ifdef __cplusplus
- extern "C" {
- #endif
- /* A Simple Hash Function */
- unsigned int simple_hash(char *str);
- /* RS Hash Function */
- unsigned int RS_hash(char *str);
- /* JS Hash Function */
- unsigned int JS_hash(char *str);
- /* P. J. Weinberger Hash Function */
- unsigned int PJW_hash(char *str);
- /* ELF Hash Function */
- unsigned int ELF_hash(char *str);
- /* BKDR Hash Function */
- unsigned int BKDR_hash(char *str);
- /* SDBM Hash Function */
- unsigned int SDBM_hash(char *str);
- /* DJB Hash Function */
- unsigned int DJB_hash(char *str);
- /* AP Hash Function */
- unsigned int AP_hash(char *str);
- /* CRC Hash Function */
- unsigned int CRC_hash(char *str);
- #ifdef __cplusplus
- }
- #endif
- #endif
hash.c
- #include <string.h>
- #include "hash.h"
- /* A Simple Hash Function */
- unsigned int simple_hash(char *str)
- {
- register unsigned int hash;
- register unsigned char *p;
- for(hash = 0, p = (unsigned char *)str; *p ; p++)
- hash = 31 * hash + *p;
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* RS Hash Function */
- unsigned int RS_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int b = 378551;
- unsigned int a = 63689;
- unsigned int hash = 0;
- while (*str)
- {
- hash = hash * a + (*str++);
- a *= b;
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* JS Hash Function */
- unsigned int JS_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int hash = 1315423911;
- while (*str)
- {
- hash ^= ((hash << 5) + (*str++) + (hash >> 2));
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* P. J. Weinberger Hash Function */
- unsigned int PJW_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int BitsInUnignedInt = (unsigned int)(sizeof(unsigned int) * 8);
- unsigned int ThreeQuarters = (unsigned int)((BitsInUnignedInt * 3) / 4);
- unsigned int OneEighth = (unsigned int)(BitsInUnignedInt / 8);
- unsigned int HighBits = (unsigned int)(0xFFFFFFFF) << (BitsInUnignedInt - OneEighth);
- unsigned int hash = 0;
- unsigned int test = 0;
- while (*str)
- {
- hash = (hash << OneEighth) + (*str++);
- if ((test = hash & HighBits) != 0)
- {
- hash = ((hash ^ (test >> ThreeQuarters)) & (~HighBits));
- }
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* ELF Hash Function */
- unsigned int ELF_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int hash = 0;
- unsigned int x = 0;
- while (*str)
- {
- hash = (hash << 4) + (*str++);
- if ((x = hash & 0xF0000000L) != 0)
- {
- hash ^= (x >> 24);
- hash &= ~x;
- }
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* BKDR Hash Function */
- unsigned int BKDR_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int seed = 131; // 31 131 1313 13131 131313 etc..
- unsigned int hash = 0;
- while (*str)
- {
- hash = hash * seed + (*str++);
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* SDBM Hash Function */
- unsigned int SDBM_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int hash = 0;
- while (*str)
- {
- hash = (*str++) + (hash << 6) + (hash << 16) - hash;
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* DJB Hash Function */
- unsigned int DJB_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int hash = 5381;
- while (*str)
- {
- hash += (hash << 5) + (*str++);
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* AP Hash Function */
- unsigned int AP_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int hash = 0;
- int i;
- for (i=0; *str; i++)
- {
- if ((i & 1) == 0)
- {
- hash ^= ((hash << 7) ^ (*str++) ^ (hash >> 3));
- }
- else
- {
- hash ^= (~((hash << 11) ^ (*str++) ^ (hash >> 5)));
- }
- }
- return (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF);
- }
- /* CRC Hash Function */
- unsigned int CRC_hash(char *str)
- {
- unsigned int nleft = strlen(str);
- unsigned long long sum = 0;
- unsigned short int *w = (unsigned short int *)str;
- unsigned short int answer = 0;
- /*
- * Our algorithm is simple, using a 32 bit accumulator (sum), we add
- * sequential 16 bit words to it, and at the end, fold back all the
- * carry bits from the top 16 bits into the lower 16 bits.
- */
- while ( nleft > 1 ) {
- sum += *w++;
- nleft -= 2;
- }
- /*
- * mop up an odd byte, if necessary
- */
- if ( 1 == nleft ) {
- *( unsigned char * )( &answer ) = *( unsigned char * )w ;
- sum += answer;
- }
- /*
- * add back carry outs from top 16 bits to low 16 bits
- * add hi 16 to low 16
- */
- sum = ( sum >> 16 ) + ( sum & 0xFFFF );
- /* add carry */
- sum += ( sum >> 16 );
- /* truncate to 16 bits */
- answer = ~sum;
- return (answer & 0xFFFFFFFF);
- }
hashtest.c
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <errno.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include "hash.h"
- #include "md5.h"
- struct hash_key {
- unsigned char *key;
- struct hash_key *next;
- };
- struct hash_counter_entry {
- unsigned int hit_count;
- unsigned int entry_count;
- struct hash_key *keys;
- };
- #define BLOCK_LEN 4096
- static int backet_len = 10240;
- static int hash_call_count = 0;
- static struct hash_counter_entry *hlist = NULL;
- unsigned int (*hash_func)(char *str);
- void choose_hash_func(char *hash_func_name)
- {
- if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "simple_hash"))
- hash_func = simple_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "RS_hash"))
- hash_func = RS_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "JS_hash"))
- hash_func = JS_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "PJW_hash"))
- hash_func = PJW_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "ELF_hash"))
- hash_func = ELF_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "BKDR_hash"))
- hash_func = BKDR_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "SDBM_hash"))
- hash_func = SDBM_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "DJB_hash"))
- hash_func = DJB_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "AP_hash"))
- hash_func = AP_hash;
- else if (0 == strcmp(hash_func_name, "CRC_hash"))
- hash_func = CRC_hash;
- else
- hash_func = NULL;
- }
- void insert_hash_entry(unsigned char *key, struct hash_counter_entry *hlist)
- {
- unsigned int hash_value = hash_func(key) % backet_len;
- struct hash_key *p;
- p = hlist[hash_value].keys;
- while(p) {
- if (0 == strcmp(key, p->key))
- break;
- p = p->next;
- }
- if (p == NULL)
- {
- p = (struct hash_key *)malloc(sizeof(struct hash_key));
- if (p == NULL)
- {
- perror("malloc in insert_hash_entry");
- return;
- }
- p->key = strdup(key);
- p->next = hlist[hash_value].keys;
- hlist[hash_value].keys = p;
- hlist[hash_value].entry_count++;
- }
- hlist[hash_value].hit_count++;
- }
- void hashtest_init()
- {
- int i;
- hash_call_count = 0;
- hlist = (struct hash_counter_entry *) malloc (sizeof(struct hash_counter_entry) * backet_len);
- if (NULL == hlist)
- {
- perror("malloc in hashtest_init");
- return;
- }
- for (i = 0; i < backet_len; i++)
- {
- hlist[i].hit_count = 0;
- hlist[i].entry_count = 0;
- hlist[i].keys = NULL;
- }
- }
- void hashtest_clean()
- {
- int i;
- struct hash_key *pentry, *p;
- if (NULL == hlist)
- return;
- for (i = 0; i < backet_len; ++i)
- {
- pentry = hlist[i].keys;
- while(pentry)
- {
- p = pentry->next;
- if (pentry->key) free(pentry->key);
- free(pentry);
- pentry = p;
- }
- }
- free(hlist);
- }
- void show_hashtest_result()
- {
- int i, backet = 0, max_link = 0, sum = 0;
- int conflict_count = 0, hit_count = 0;
- float avg_link, backet_usage;
- for(i = 0; i < backet_len; i++)
- {
- if (hlist[i].hit_count > 0)
- {
- backet++;
- sum += hlist[i].entry_count;
- if (hlist[i].entry_count > max_link)
- {
- max_link = hlist[i].entry_count;
- }
- if (hlist[i].entry_count > 1)
- {
- conflict_count++;
- }
- hit_count += hlist[i].hit_count;
- }
- }
- backet_usage = backet/1.0/backet_len * 100;;
- avg_link = sum/1.0/backet;
- printf("backet_len = %d/n", backet_len);
- printf("hash_call_count = %d/n", hash_call_count);
- printf("hit_count = %d/n", hit_count);
- printf("conflict count = %d/n", conflict_count);
- printf("longest hash entry = %d/n", max_link);
- printf("average hash entry length = %.2f/n", avg_link);
- printf("backet usage = %.2f%/n", backet_usage);
- }
- void usage()
- {
- printf("Usage: hashtest filename hash_func_name [backet_len]/n");
- printf("hash_func_name:/n");
- printf("/tsimple_hash/n");
- printf("/tRS_hash/n");
- printf("/tJS_hash/n");
- printf("/tPJW_hash/n");
- printf("/tELF_hash/n");
- printf("/tBKDR_hash/n");
- printf("/tSDBM_hash/n");
- printf("/tDJB_hash/n");
- printf("/tAP_hash/n");
- printf("/tCRC_hash/n");
- }
- void md5_to_32(unsigned char *md5_16, unsigned char *md5_32)
- {
- int i;
- for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
- {
- sprintf(md5_32 + i * 2, "%02x", md5_16[i]);
- }
- }
- int main(int argc, char *argv[])
- {
- int fd = -1, rwsize = 0;
- unsigned char md5_checksum[16 + 1] = {0};
- unsigned char buf[BLOCK_LEN] = {0};
- if (argc < 3)
- {
- usage();
- return -1;
- }
- if (-1 == (fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY)))
- {
- perror("open source file");
- return errno;
- }
- if (argc == 4)
- {
- backet_len = atoi(argv[3]);
- }
- hashtest_init();
- choose_hash_func(argv[2]);
- while (rwsize = read(fd, buf, BLOCK_LEN))
- {
- md5(buf, rwsize, md5_checksum);
- insert_hash_entry(md5_checksum, hlist);
- hash_call_count++;
- memset(buf, 0, BLOCK_LEN);
- memset(md5_checksum, 0, 16 + 1);
- }
- close(fd);
- show_hashtest_result();
- hashtest_clean();
- return 0;
- }