Windows Forms是利用.NET Framework程序库的代码全自动生成的GUI(Graphical User Interface)编程方式

CLR中执行的c++称为托管的c++,否则为非托管c++或本地c++.

初视化变量 int value(0);

Wchar_t为宽字符类型,变量存储2字节字符代码,值域0—65535 wchar_t letter = L’z’; or wchar_t letter(L’z’);

enum Week{Mon = 1, Tues = 1, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun} thisWeek; thisWeek = thurs;(4个字节)

格式化输出cout:

         #include<iomanip>  cout<<setw(n) n位宽 cout<<hex cout<<dec;

         cout.width(n)

         cout.fill(‘*’)

         cout.precision()

         cout.write(const char_type* s, streamsize n);

         cout.setf(ios_base::showpoint)

                   1、fmtflags setf( fmtflags );

                   ios_base::boolalpha\ ios_base::showbase\ ios_base::showpoint\ ios_base::uppercase ios_base::showpos

                   2、fmtflags setf( fmtflags, fmtflags );

第二参数

第一参数

ios_base::basefield

ios_base::dec

 

ios_base::oct

 

ios_base::hex

ios_base::floatfield

ios_base::fixed

 

ios_base::scientific

Ios_base::adjustfield

ios_base::left

 

ios_base::right

 

ios_base::internal

cout << dec << oct << hex << fixed << scientific << left <<right << internal << flush;

标准输入

cin.ignore(255, ‘\n’);

cin.read(gross. 144); ch = cin.peek(); cin.gcount(); cin.pushback(ch);

强制类型转换:

         static_cast<int>(n)静态检查

         dynamic_cast<double>(n)动态检查

         const_cast 删除表达式中的const属性

         reinterpret_cast 无条件强制转换

const char *p; char *const p; const char *const p;

int *p = new int(0); delete p; int *p = new int[20]; delete [] p;

 

#include<cstdarg>

int sum(int cout,…)

{

         va_list p;

         va_start(p,count);  //p = *count;

         int sum = 0;

         for(int i = 0; i < cout; i++)

                   sum += va_arg(p, int); //va_arg(p, int)返回一个int值,并将p指向下一位

         va_end(p);

         return sum;

}

Try

{

         ……

         Throw 表达式;

}

catch(type name)// catch (…) //catch any type exception.

{

}

 

#include<new> catch(bad_alloc &ex){ cout << ex.what();}

 

template<class T>

T max(T x[], int len)

{}

内联函数不能递归

具体化:

template <> void Swap<>( int &, int &)

template <> void Swap ( int &, int &)

实例化:

         template void Swap<int>( int &, int &)

 

struct data{

         char name[20];

         mutable int id;

};

const data mike = { “VipXD”, 0 };

data.id = 2;  //allowed

 

#include<new>

int main()

{

         char str[100];

         int *p = new (str) int [10];

         delete [] p;

return 0;

}

名称空间(开放的)可以是全局,也可以位于名称空间内,但不能在代码块里。

namespace MyFavariteThing{};

namespace Mft = MyFavariteThing;

#include<iostream>

#ifndef GString_H_

#define GString_H_

class GString{

         private:

                   enum{ len = 30 }; // const int len = 30 not allowed. Static const int len = 30 also allowed.

                   ………..

         public:

                   GString();// explicit GString(); 关闭隐式转换

                   GString(const GString &);

                   virtual ~GString();

                   GString operator + (const GString &) const;

                   friend GString operator + (double m, const GString &);

                   friend ostream & operator << (ostream &os, const GString &);

                   operator int () const;{ return int (money);}

};

#endif

 

class GString2:virtual public GString, public virtual GString1

{

         public:

                   GString2():GString(), GString0(), GString1();

}

 

template <class T1, class T2 = int>

class GString

{}

 

template <template T> void counts();

template <template T> void report(T &);

template <template <typename T> class Thing, class U, class V>//模板作为参数

class Crab

{

         private:

                   Thing<U> s1;

                   Thing<V> s2;

         public:

                   friend class GString;

                   friend void show( Crab<vector, int, double> &);//非模板类友元

                   friend void counts<Thing, U, V>();   //约束模板类友元

                   friend void report<>(Crab<thing, U, V> &);  //约束模板类友元

                   template<class A, class B>

                   friend void write(A &, B &);//非约束模板友元

}

嵌套类:

1、  嵌套类为别一个类的私有部分,则只有后者知道它。

2、  嵌套类为别一个类的保护部分,对于后者是可见的,对于外部世界是不可见的。

3、  嵌套类为别一个类的公有部分,后者,后者的派生类及外部世界都可以用它,但外部世界要用类限定符。

string a = “1.txt”;

ostream fout;

fout.open(a.c_str());

 

#include <memory>

auto_ptr<string> ps (new string (str));

//delete ps; not needed. Auto_ptr类的析构函数用的是delete p;而不是delete [];

 

STL提供了一组表示容器,迭代器,函数对象和算法的模板。

迭代器能够用来遍历容器的对象,与能够遍历数组的指针类似,是广义指针。

vector<double>::iterator p;

vector<double> scores;

P = scores.begin();//push_back() erase(…,…), insert(…,…,…), size(), end().

 

#include <algorithm>  // for_each(…,…,函数指针), random_shuffle(…,…), sort().

输入迭代器:该类的算法不会修改容器中的值,是单向迭代器,可递增,不可倒退;

输出迭代器:单通行,只写算法可用;

正向迭代器:多次通行算法可行,只使用++操作符遍历容器,总是按相同顺序遍历一系列值

双向迭代器:双向迭代器具有正向迭代器的所有特性,同时支持两种递减操作符。

随机访问迭代器:可用+= -= 等符号访问容器。具有迭代器的所有功能。

copy(casts, casts + 10, dice.begin()); // int casts[] = {9,42,4,65,2}; vector <int> dice[10]; 足够大。

 

#include <iterator>

ostream_iterator<int, char> out_iter(cout, “ “);

copy(istream_iterator<int, char> (cin), istream_iterator<int, char>(), dice.begin());

reverse_iterator 执行递增将导致递减,rend(),rbegin()返回值就是这一类迭代器。

vector<double>:: Reverse_iterator pp;

back_insert_iterator、front_insert_iterator

back_insert_iterator<vector<int> > back_itr(dice);

insert_iterator

insert_iterator<vector<int> > insert_iter(dice, dice.begin());

container: deque, list, queue, priority_queue, stack, vector, map, multimap, set, multiset, bitset//not mentioned

联合容器((associative container)   ):#include <set> set、multiset

// set<string, less<string> > A; //set<string> A;

String s1[6] = {“buffoon”, “thinkers”, “for”, “heavy”, “can”, “for”};

set<string> A(s1, s1 + 6);

集合被排序为: buffoon can for heavy thinkers

并交差集:

set_union(A.begin(), A.end, B.begin, B.end, insert_iterator<set<string> > (C, C.begin() ) );

set_intersection(A.begin(), A.end, B.begin, B.end, insert_iterator<set<string> > (C, C.begin() ) );

set_difference(A.begin(), A.end, B.begin, B.end, insert_iterator<set<string> > (C, C.begin() ) );

lower_bound() 关键字为参数,返回一个迭代器.指向第一个不小于关键字参数的成员.

upper_bound() 关键字为参数,返回一个迭代器.指向第一个大于关键字参数的成员.

 

#include <map> map、multimap

multimap<int, string> codes; //multimap<int, string, less<string>> codes;

pair<const int, string> item (213, “los angeles”);

codes.insert( item );

cout << item.first << item.second;

lower_bound(), upper_bound()同上set;

equal_range() 关键字为参数,返回该关键字匹配的区间的迭代器。为返回两个值,将两个值封装在一具pair对象中

pair<mutilmap<int, string>::iterator,

mutilmap<int, string>::iterator > rang

= codes.equal_range(718);

multilmap<int, string>::iterator it;

for (it = rang.first, it != rang.second, it++)

         cout << (*it).second << endl;

STL算法:使用函数对象——函数符;

int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};

vector<double> dice(arr, arr + 3), dice1[10];

ostream_iterator<double, char> out(cout, “ “);

transform(dice.begin(), dice.end(), out, sqrt);

double add(double, double);

transform(dice.begin(), dice.end(), dice1.begin(), add);

 

binder1st (f2, val) f1; //f2为二元函数,val将赋值给f2的第一个参数,f1(x);

bind1st(multiplies<double> (), 2.5);

binder2nd\bind2nd

next_permutation(dice.begin(), dice.end());

for_each() //需要特别注意。。。。

cerr 标准错误流,没有被缓冲 clog标准错误流,被缓冲。

Ifstream fin(“1.txt”, mode);

ios_base::in ios_base::out ios_base::ate ios_base::app ios_base::turn ios_base::binay

seekg() \ seekp() 前者将输入指针移到指定的文件位置,后者将输出指针移到指定的文件位置。也可以将seekg()用于ifstream,将seekp()用于oftream.(tellg() \ tellp())

fin.seekg(distance, ios_base::beg); fin.seekg(distance, ios_base::cur) fin.seekg(distance, ios_base::end);

#include<sstream>

ostringstream outstr;

outstr << “xiao”;

string1 = outstr.str();

istringstream instr(stirng1);

 

#include<ctime>

std::srand(std::time(0));

std::rand()

posted on 2012-05-21 21:13  VipXD  阅读(583)  评论(2编辑  收藏  举报