索引优化：索引失效

• 数据准备

# 创建数据库
CREATE DATABASE atguigudb2;
 
USE atguigudb2;
 
# 创建表
CREATE TABLE `class` (
 `id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 `className` VARCHAR(30) DEFAULT NULL,
 `address` VARCHAR(40) DEFAULT NULL,
 `monitor` INT NULL ,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
 
# 创建表
CREATE TABLE `student` (
 `id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
 `stuno` INT NOT NULL ,
 `name` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL,
 `age` INT(3) DEFAULT NULL,
 `classId` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
 #CONSTRAINT `fk_class_id` FOREIGN KEY (`classId`) REFERENCES `t_class` (`id`)
) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
 
# 允许创建存储函数
SET GLOBAL log_bin_trust_function_creators=1; 
 
# 创建存储函数，随机产生字符串
DELIMITER //
CREATE FUNCTION rand_string(n INT) RETURNS VARCHAR(255)
BEGIN    
DECLARE chars_str VARCHAR(100) DEFAULT 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFJHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
DECLARE return_str VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT '';
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;
WHILE i < n DO  
SET return_str =CONCAT(return_str,SUBSTRING(chars_str,FLOOR(1+RAND()*52),1));  
SET i = i + 1;
END WHILE;
RETURN return_str;
END //
DELIMITER ;
 
# 创建存储函数，用于随机产生多少到多少的编号
DELIMITER //
CREATE FUNCTION  rand_num (from_num INT ,to_num INT) RETURNS INT(11)
BEGIN   
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;  
SET i = FLOOR(from_num +RAND()*(to_num - from_num+1))   ;
RETURN i;  
END //
DELIMITER ;
 
# 创建往stu表中插入数据的存储过程
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE  insert_stu(  START INT ,  max_num INT )
BEGIN  
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;   
 SET autocommit = 0;    #设置手动提交事务
 REPEAT  #循环
 SET i = i + 1;  #赋值
 INSERT INTO student (stuno, NAME ,age ,classId ) VALUES ((START+i),rand_string(6),rand_num(1,50),rand_num(1,1000));  
 UNTIL i = max_num  
 END REPEAT;  
 COMMIT;  #提交事务
END //
DELIMITER ;
 
# 创建存储过程，往class表添加随机数据
DELIMITER //
CREATE PROCEDURE `insert_class`(  max_num INT )
BEGIN  
DECLARE i INT DEFAULT 0;   
 SET autocommit = 0;    
 REPEAT  
 SET i = i + 1;  
 INSERT INTO class ( classname,address,monitor ) VALUES (rand_string(8),rand_string(10),rand_num(1,100000));  
 UNTIL i = max_num  
 END REPEAT;  
 COMMIT; 
END //
DELIMITER ;
 
# 执行存储过程，往class表添加1万条数据  
CALL insert_class(10000);
 
# 执行存储过程，往stu表添加50万条数据  
CALL insert_stu(100000,500000);
 
# 查看数据是否添加成功
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM class;
 
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM student;
 
# 创建存储函数，删除表中的所有索引
DELIMITER //
CREATE  PROCEDURE `proc_drop_index`(dbname VARCHAR(200),tablename VARCHAR(200))
BEGIN
       DECLARE done INT DEFAULT 0;
       DECLARE ct INT DEFAULT 0;
       DECLARE _index VARCHAR(200) DEFAULT '';
       DECLARE _cur CURSOR FOR  SELECT   index_name   FROM information_schema.STATISTICS   WHERE table_schema=dbname AND table_name=tablename AND seq_in_index=1 AND    index_name <>'PRIMARY'  ;
#每个游标必须使用不同的declare continue handler for not found set done=1来控制游标的结束
       DECLARE  CONTINUE HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND SET done=2 ;      
#若没有数据返回,程序继续,并将变量done设为2
        OPEN _cur;
        FETCH _cur INTO _index;
        WHILE  _index<>'' DO 
               SET @str = CONCAT("drop index " , _index , " on " , tablename ); 
               PREPARE sql_str FROM @str ;
               EXECUTE  sql_str;
               DEALLOCATE PREPARE sql_str;
               SET _index=''; 
               FETCH _cur INTO _index; 
        END WHILE;
   CLOSE _cur;
END //
DELIMITER ;
 
# 执行存储过程
CALL proc_drop_index("dbname","tablename");

• 全值匹配

# 创建索引
CREATE INDEX idx_age ON student(age);
 
CREATE INDEX idx_age_classid ON student(age,classId);
 
CREATE INDEX idx_age_classid_name ON student(age,classId,NAME);
 
# 测试
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30;
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30 AND classId=4;
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30 AND classId=4 AND NAME = 'abcd';
 
SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age=30 AND classId=4 AND NAME = 'abcd';

• 最佳左前缀法则

# 查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abcd' ;
 
# 如果先查询id，但联合索引中是以age开始的，所以age索引就失效了
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.classid=1 AND student.name = 'abcd';
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student 
WHERE classid=4 AND student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abcd'; 
 
DROP INDEX idx_age ON student;
DROP INDEX idx_age_classid ON student;
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student 
WHERE student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abcd'; 

• 主键插入顺序

对于一个使用InnoDB存储引擎的表来说，在我们没有显式的创建索引时，表中的数据实际上都是存储在聚簇索引的叶子节点的。而记录又是存储
在数据页中的，数据页和记录又是按照记录主键值从小到大的顺序进行排序，所以如果我们插入的记录的主键值是依次增大的话，那我们每插满
一个数据页就换到下一个数据页继续插，而如果我们插入的主键值忽大忽小的话，效率很低，最好能让插入的记录主键依次递增

• 计算、函数导致索引失效

# 此语句比下一条要好！（能够使用上索引）
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.name LIKE 'abc%';
 
# 先遍历运行函数，后比较，不能用上索引
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE LEFT(student.name,3) = 'abc'; 
 
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON student(NAME);
 
CREATE INDEX idx_sno ON student(stuno);
 
# 先遍历计算，后比较，不能使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE id, stuno, NAME FROM student WHERE stuno+1 = 900001;
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE id, stuno, NAME FROM student WHERE stuno = 900000;
 
# 先遍历进行类型转换，后比较，不能使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT id, stuno, NAME FROM student WHERE SUBSTRING(NAME, 1,3)='abc';

• 类型转换导致索引失效

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME = 123; 
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME = '123'; 

• 范围条件右边的列索引失效

# 查看表中索引
SHOW INDEX FROM student;
# 清空表的索引
CALL proc_drop_index('atguigudb2','student');
 
# 创建联合索引
CREATE INDEX idx_age_classId_name ON student(age,classId,NAME);
 
# 创建联合索引
CREATE INDEX idx_age_name_cid ON student(age,NAME,classId);
 
# 根据name查询时，name没有用上
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student 
WHERE student.age=30 AND student.classId>20 AND student.name = 'abc' ; 
 
# 将返回条件放到最后即可保证右边索引不会失效
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student 
WHERE student.age=30 AND student.name = 'abc' AND student.classId>20; 

• 不等于(!= 或者<>)索引失效

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON student(NAME);
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.name <> 'abc' ;
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE student.name != 'abc' ;

• is null可以使用索引，is not null无法使用索引

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age IS NULL; 
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age IS NOT NULL; 

• like以通配符%开头索引失效

EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME LIKE 'ab%'; 
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE NAME LIKE '%ab%';

• OR 前后存在非索引的列，索引失效

SHOW INDEX FROM student;
 
CALL proc_drop_index('atguigudb2','student');
 
CREATE INDEX idx_age ON student(age);
 
EXPLAIN SELECT SQL_NO_CACHE * FROM student WHERE age = 10 OR classid = 100;
 
CREATE INDEX idx_cid ON student(classid);

• 数据库和表的字符集统一使用utf8mb4，否则类型转换时会导致索引失效