geojson标准规范
GeoJSON是基于JavaScript 对象表示法的地理空间信息数据交换格式。
目录
GeoJSON是一种对各种地理数据结构进行编码的格式。GeoJSON对象可以表示几何、特征或者特征集合。GeoJSON支持下面几何类型:点、线、面、多点、多线、多面和几何集合。GeoJSON里的特征包含一个几何对象和其他属性,特征集合表示一系列特征。
一个完整的GeoJSON数据结构总是一个(JSON术语里的)对象。在GeoJSON里,对象由名/值对--也称作成员的集合组成。对每个成员来说,名字总是字符串。成员的值要么是字符串、数字、对象、数组,要么是下面文本常量中的一个:"true","false"和"null"。数组是由值是上面所说的元素组成。
GeoJSON特征集合:
{ "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [102.0, 0.5]}, "properties": {"prop0": "value0"} }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [ [102.0, 0.0], [103.0, 1.0], [104.0, 0.0], [105.0, 1.0] ] }, "properties": { "prop0": "value0", "prop1": 0.0 } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0] ] ] }, "properties": { "prop0": "value0", "prop1": {"this": "that"} } } ] }
- JavaScript对象表示和术语对象、名字、值、数组和数字在IETF RFC 4627 即http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt里定义。
- 这篇文档里的关键字“必须“,”不允许“,”需要“,”应当“,”应当不“,”应该“,”不应该“,”推荐的“,”也许“和”可选的“在IETF RFC 2119, 即http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt里解释。
GeoJSON总是由一个单独的对象组成。这个对象(指的是下面的GeoJSON对象)表示几何、特征或者特征集合。
- GeoJSON对象可能有任何数目成员(名/值对)。
- GeoJSON对象必须由一个名字为"type"的成员。这个成员的值是由GeoJSON对象的类型所确定的字符串。
- type成员的值必须是下面之一:"Point", "MultiPoint", "LineString", "MultiLineString", "Polygon", "MultiPolygon", "GeometryCollection", "Feature", 或者 "FeatureCollection"。这儿type成员值必须如这儿所示。
- GeoJSON对象可能有一个可选的"crs"成员,它的值必须是一个坐标参考系统的对象(见3.坐标参考系统对象)。
- GeoJSON对象可能有一个"bbox"成员,它的值必须是边界框数组(见4.边界框)。
几何是一种GeoJSON对象,这时type成员的值是下面字符串之一:"Point", "MultiPoint", "LineString", "MultiLineString", "Polygon", "MultiPolygon", 或者"GeometryCollection"。
除了“GeometryCollection”外的其他任何类型的GeoJSON几何对象必须由一个名字为"coordinates"的成员。coordinates成员的值总是数组。这个数组里的元素的结构由几何类型来确定。
位置是基本的几何结构。几何对象的"coordinates"成员由一个位置(这儿是几何点)、位置数组(线或者几何多点),位置数组的数组(面、多线)或者位置的多维数组(多面)组成。
位置由数字数组表示。必须至少两个元素,可以有更多元素。元素的顺序必须遵从x,y,z顺序(投影坐标参考系统中坐标的东向、北向、高度或者地理坐标参考系统中的坐标长度、纬度、高度)。任何数目的其他元素是允许的---其他元素的说明和意义超出了这篇规格说明的范围。
位置和几何的例子在附录A.几何例子里呈现。
对类型"Point"来说,“coordinates"成员必须是一个单独的位置。
对类型"MultiPoint"来说,"coordinates"成员必须是位置数组。
对类型"LineString"来说,“coordinates"成员必须是两个或者多个位置的数组。
线性环市具有4个或者更多位置的封闭的线。第一个和最后一个位置是相等的(它们表示相同的的点)。虽然线性环没有鲜明地作为GeoJSON几何类型,不过在面几何类型定义里有提到它。
对类型“MultiLineString"来说,"coordinates"成员必须是一个线坐标数组的数组。
对类型"Polygon"来说,"coordinates"成员必须是一个线性环坐标数组的数组。对拥有多个环的的面来说,第一个环必须是外部环,其他的必须是内部环或者孔。
对类型"MultiPlygon"来说,"coordinates"成员必须是面坐标数组的数组。
类型为"GeometryCollection"的GeoJSON对象是一个集合对象,它表示几何对象的集合。
几何集合必须有一个名字为"geometries"的成员。与"geometries"相对应的值是一个数组。这个数组中的每个元素都是一个GeoJSON几何对象。
类型为"Feature"的GeoJSON对象是特征对象。
- 特征对象必须由一个名字为"geometry"的成员,这个几何成员的值是上面定义的几何对象或者JSON的null值。
- 特征对戏那个必须有一个名字为“properties"的成员,这个属性成员的值是一个对象(任何JSON对象或者JSON的null值)。
- 如果特征是常用的标识符,那么这个标识符应当包含名字为“id”的特征对象成员。
类型为"FeatureCollection"的GeoJSON对象是特征集合对象。
类型为"FeatureCollection"的对象必须由一个名字为"features"的成员。与“features"相对应的值是一个数组。这个数组中的每个元素都是上面定义的特征对象。
GeoJSON对象的坐标参考系统(CRS)是由它的"crs"成员(指的是下面的CRS对象)来确定的。如果对象没有crs成员,那么它的父对象或者祖父对象的crs成员可能被获取作为它的crs。如果这样还没有获得crs成员,那么默认的CRS将应用到GeoJSON对象。
- 默认的CRS是地理坐标参考系统,使用的是WGS84数据,长度和高度的单位是十进制标示。
- 名字为"crs"成员的值必须是JSON对象(指的是下面的CRS对象)或者JSON的null。如果CRS的值为null,那么就假设没有CRS了。
- crs成员应当位于(特征集合、特征、几何的顺序的)层级结构里GeoJSON对象的最顶级,而且在自对象或者孙子对象里不应该重复或者覆盖。
- 非空的CRS对象有两个强制拥有的对象:"type"和"properties"。
- type成员的值必须是字符串,这个字符串说明了CRS对象的类型。
- 属性成员的值必须是对象。
- CRS应不能更改坐标顺序(见2.1.1.位置)。
CRS对象可以通过名字来表明坐标参考系统。在这种情况下,它的"type"成员的值必须是字符串"name"。它的"properties"成员的值必须是包含"name"成员的对象。这个"name"成员的值必须是标识坐标参考系统的字符串。比如“urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84"的OGC CRS的URN应当优先于旧的标识符如"EPSG:4326"得到选用:
"crs": { "type": "name", "properties": { "name": "urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84" } }
CRS对象也可以连接到互联网上的CRS参数。在这种情况下,它的"type"成员的值必须是字符串"link",它的"properties"成员的值必须是一个连接对象(见3.2.1.连接对象) 。
连接对象由一个必需的成员:"href",和一个可选的成员:"type"。
必需的"href"成员的值必须是解引用的URI(统一资源标识)。
可选的"type"成员的值必须是字符串,而且这个字符串暗示了所提供的URI里用来表示CRS参数的格式。建议值是:"proj4","ogcwkt",esriwkt",不过可以使用其他值:
"crs": { "type": "link", "properties": { "href": "http://example.com/crs/42", "type": "proj4" } }
相对连接常常可以作为辅助文件里的CRS的直接处理器:
"crs": { "type": "link", "properties": { "href": "data.crs", "type": "ogcwkt" } }
为了包含几何、特征或者特征集合的坐标范围信息,GeoJSON对象可能有一个名字为"bbox的成员。bbox成员的值必须是2*n数组,这儿n是所包含几何对象的维数,并且所有坐标轴的最低值后面跟着最高者值。bbox的坐标轴的顺序遵循几何坐标轴的顺序。除此之外,bbox的坐标参考系统假设匹配它所在GeoJSON对象的坐标参考系统。
特征对象上的bbox成员的例子:
{ "type": "Feature", "bbox": [-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0], "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[ [-180.0, 10.0], [20.0, 90.0], [180.0, -5.0], [-30.0, -90.0] ]] } ... }
特征集合对象bbox成员的例子:
{ "type": "FeatureCollection", "bbox": [100.0, 0.0, 105.0, 1.0], "features": [ ... ] }
下面例子中的每一个都表示一个完整的GeoJSON对象。注意JSON对象里的结尾的空白字符没有意义。例子里所用的空白符有助于说明这个数据结构,不过不是必需的。
点坐标是按照x,y顺序的(投影坐标的东向、北向,地理坐标的长度、高度):
{ "type": "Point", "coordinates": [100.0, 0.0] }
线的坐标是位置数组(见2.1.1.位置):
{ "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0] ] }
面 面的坐标是线性环坐标数组的数组。这个数组的第一个元素表示的是外部环。其他后续的元素表示的内部环(或者孔)。
没有孔的:
{ "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0] ] ] }
有孔的:
{ "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0] ], [ [100.2, 0.2], [100.8, 0.2], [100.8, 0.8], [100.2, 0.8], [100.2, 0.2] ] ] }
多点的坐标是位置数组:
{ "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0] ] }
多线的坐标是线坐标数组的数组:
{ "type": "MultiLineString", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0] ], [ [102.0, 2.0], [103.0, 3.0] ] ] }
多面的坐标是面坐标数组的数组:
{ "type": "MultiPolygon", "coordinates": [ [[[102.0, 2.0], [103.0, 2.0], [103.0, 3.0], [102.0, 3.0], [102.0, 2.0]]], [[[100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0]], [[100.2, 0.2], [100.8, 0.2], [100.8, 0.8], [100.2, 0.8], [100.2, 0.2]]] ] }
几何集合的几何数组里的每个元素都是上面所描述的几何对象之一:
{ "type": "GeometryCollection", "geometries": [ { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [100.0, 0.0] }, { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [ [101.0, 0.0], [102.0, 1.0] ] } ] }
附录B.贡献者 GeoJSON的格式规格说明是GeoJSON邮件列表即 http://lists.geojson.org/listinfo.cgi/geojson-geojson.org讨论的结果。
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Butler Request for Comments: 7946 Hobu Inc. Category: Standards Track M. Daly ISSN: 2070-1721 Cadcorp A. Doyle S. Gillies Mapbox S. Hagen T. Schaub Planet Labs August 2016 The GeoJSON Format Abstract GeoJSON is a geospatial data interchange format based on JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). It defines several types of JSON objects and the manner in which they are combined to represent data about geographic features, their properties, and their spatial extents. GeoJSON uses a geographic coordinate reference system, World Geodetic System 1984, and units of decimal degrees. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841. Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7946. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 1] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3. Specification of GeoJSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. GeoJSON Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. GeoJSON Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1. Geometry Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.1. Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.2. Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.3. MultiPoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.4. LineString . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.5. MultiLineString . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.1.6. Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1.7. MultiPolygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1.8. GeometryCollection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1.9. Antimeridian Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.1.10. Uncertainty and Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2. Feature Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.3. FeatureCollection Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4. Coordinate Reference System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Bounding Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5.1. The Connecting Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.2. The Antimeridian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5.3. The Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6. Extending GeoJSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6.1. Foreign Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7. GeoJSON Types Are Not Extensible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7.1. Semantics of GeoJSON Members and Types Are Not Changeable 16 8. Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 9. Mapping 'geo' URIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 11. Interoperability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 11.1. I-JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 11.2. Coordinate Precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Appendix A. Geometry Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A.1. Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A.2. LineStrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 A.3. Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 A.4. MultiPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 A.5. MultiLineStrings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 A.6. MultiPolygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 A.7. GeometryCollections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Appendix B. Changes from the Pre-IETF GeoJSON Format Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 B.1. Normative Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 B.2. Informative Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Appendix C. GeoJSON Text Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1. Introduction GeoJSON is a format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) [RFC7159]. A GeoJSON object may represent a region of space (a Geometry), a spatially bounded entity (a Feature), or a list of Features (a FeatureCollection). GeoJSON supports the following geometry types: Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, and GeometryCollection. Features in GeoJSON contain a Geometry object and additional properties, and a FeatureCollection contains a list of Features. The format is concerned with geographic data in the broadest sense; anything with qualities that are bounded in geographical space might be a Feature whether or not it is a physical structure. The concepts in GeoJSON are not new; they are derived from preexisting open geographic information system standards and have been streamlined to better suit web application development using JSON. GeoJSON comprises the seven concrete geometry types defined in the OpenGIS Simple Features Implementation Specification for SQL [SFSQL]: 0-dimensional Point and MultiPoint; 1-dimensional curve LineString and MultiLineString; 2-dimensional surface Polygon and MultiPolygon; Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 3] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 and the heterogeneous GeometryCollection. GeoJSON representations of instances of these geometry types are analogous to the well-known binary (WKB) and well-known text (WKT) representations described in that same specification. GeoJSON also comprises the types Feature and FeatureCollection. Feature objects in GeoJSON contain a Geometry object with one of the above geometry types and additional members. A FeatureCollection object contains an array of Feature objects. This structure is analogous to that of the Web Feature Service (WFS) response to GetFeatures requests specified in [WFSv1] or to a Keyhole Markup Language (KML) Folder of Placemarks [KMLv2.2]. Some implementations of the WFS specification also provide GeoJSON-formatted responses to GetFeature requests, but there is no particular service model or Feature type ontology implied in the GeoJSON format specification. Since its initial publication in 2008 [GJ2008], the GeoJSON format specification has steadily grown in popularity. It is widely used in JavaScript web-mapping libraries, JSON-based document databases, and web APIs. 1.1. Requirements Language The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 1.2. Conventions Used in This Document The ordering of the members of any JSON object defined in this document MUST be considered irrelevant, as specified by [RFC7159]. Some examples use the combination of a JavaScript single-line comment (//) followed by an ellipsis (...) as placeholder notation for content deemed irrelevant by the authors. These placeholders must of course be deleted or otherwise replaced, before attempting to validate the corresponding JSON code example. Whitespace is used in the examples inside this document to help illustrate the data structures, but it is not required. Unquoted whitespace is not significant in JSON. 1.3. Specification of GeoJSON This document supersedes the original GeoJSON format specification [GJ2008]. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 4] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 1.4. Definitions o JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), and the terms object, member, name, value, array, number, true, false, and null, are to be interpreted as defined in [RFC7159]. o Inside this document, the term "geometry type" refers to seven case-sensitive strings: "Point", "MultiPoint", "LineString", "MultiLineString", "Polygon", "MultiPolygon", and "GeometryCollection". o As another shorthand notation, the term "GeoJSON types" refers to nine case-sensitive strings: "Feature", "FeatureCollection", and the geometry types listed above. o The word "Collection" in "FeatureCollection" and "GeometryCollection" does not have any significance for the semantics of array members. The "features" and "geometries" members, respectively, of these objects are standard ordered JSON arrays, not unordered sets. 1.5. Example A GeoJSON FeatureCollection: { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{ "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [102.0, 0.5] }, "properties": { "prop0": "value0" } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [ [102.0, 0.0], [103.0, 1.0], [104.0, 0.0], [105.0, 1.0] ] }, "properties": { Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 5] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 "prop0": "value0", "prop1": 0.0 } }, { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0] ] ] }, "properties": { "prop0": "value0", "prop1": { "this": "that" } } }] } 2. GeoJSON Text A GeoJSON text is a JSON text and consists of a single GeoJSON object. 3. GeoJSON Object A GeoJSON object represents a Geometry, Feature, or collection of Features. o A GeoJSON object is a JSON object. o A GeoJSON object has a member with the name "type". The value of the member MUST be one of the GeoJSON types. o A GeoJSON object MAY have a "bbox" member, the value of which MUST be a bounding box array (see Section 5). o A GeoJSON object MAY have other members (see Section 6). Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 6] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 3.1. Geometry Object A Geometry object represents points, curves, and surfaces in coordinate space. Every Geometry object is a GeoJSON object no matter where it occurs in a GeoJSON text. o The value of a Geometry object's "type" member MUST be one of the seven geometry types (see Section 1.4). o A GeoJSON Geometry object of any type other than "GeometryCollection" has a member with the name "coordinates". The value of the "coordinates" member is an array. The structure of the elements in this array is determined by the type of geometry. GeoJSON processors MAY interpret Geometry objects with empty "coordinates" arrays as null objects. 3.1.1. Position A position is the fundamental geometry construct. The "coordinates" member of a Geometry object is composed of either: o one position in the case of a Point geometry, o an array of positions in the case of a LineString or MultiPoint geometry, o an array of LineString or linear ring (see Section 3.1.6) coordinates in the case of a Polygon or MultiLineString geometry, or o an array of Polygon coordinates in the case of a MultiPolygon geometry. A position is an array of numbers. There MUST be two or more elements. The first two elements are longitude and latitude, or easting and northing, precisely in that order and using decimal numbers. Altitude or elevation MAY be included as an optional third element. Implementations SHOULD NOT extend positions beyond three elements because the semantics of extra elements are unspecified and ambiguous. Historically, some implementations have used a fourth element to carry a linear referencing measure (sometimes denoted as "M") or a numerical timestamp, but in most situations a parser will not be able to properly interpret these values. The interpretation and meaning of additional elements is beyond the scope of this specification, and additional elements MAY be ignored by parsers. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 7] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 A line between two positions is a straight Cartesian line, the shortest line between those two points in the coordinate reference system (see Section 4). In other words, every point on a line that does not cross the antimeridian between a point (lon0, lat0) and (lon1, lat1) can be calculated as F(lon, lat) = (lon0 + (lon1 - lon0) * t, lat0 + (lat1 - lat0) * t) with t being a real number greater than or equal to 0 and smaller than or equal to 1. Note that this line may markedly differ from the geodesic path along the curved surface of the reference ellipsoid. The same applies to the optional height element with the proviso that the direction of the height is as specified in the coordinate reference system. Note that, again, this does not mean that a surface with equal height follows, for example, the curvature of a body of water. Nor is a surface of equal height perpendicular to a plumb line. Examples of positions and geometries are provided in Appendix A, "Geometry Examples". 3.1.2. Point For type "Point", the "coordinates" member is a single position. 3.1.3. MultiPoint For type "MultiPoint", the "coordinates" member is an array of positions. 3.1.4. LineString For type "LineString", the "coordinates" member is an array of two or more positions. 3.1.5. MultiLineString For type "MultiLineString", the "coordinates" member is an array of LineString coordinate arrays. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 8] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 3.1.6. Polygon To specify a constraint specific to Polygons, it is useful to introduce the concept of a linear ring: o A linear ring is a closed LineString with four or more positions. o The first and last positions are equivalent, and they MUST contain identical values; their representation SHOULD also be identical. o A linear ring is the boundary of a surface or the boundary of a hole in a surface. o A linear ring MUST follow the right-hand rule with respect to the area it bounds, i.e., exterior rings are counterclockwise, and holes are clockwise. Note: the [GJ2008] specification did not discuss linear ring winding order. For backwards compatibility, parsers SHOULD NOT reject Polygons that do not follow the right-hand rule. Though a linear ring is not explicitly represented as a GeoJSON geometry type, it leads to a canonical formulation of the Polygon geometry type definition as follows: o For type "Polygon", the "coordinates" member MUST be an array of linear ring coordinate arrays. o For Polygons with more than one of these rings, the first MUST be the exterior ring, and any others MUST be interior rings. The exterior ring bounds the surface, and the interior rings (if present) bound holes within the surface. 3.1.7. MultiPolygon For type "MultiPolygon", the "coordinates" member is an array of Polygon coordinate arrays. 3.1.8. GeometryCollection A GeoJSON object with type "GeometryCollection" is a Geometry object. A GeometryCollection has a member with the name "geometries". The value of "geometries" is an array. Each element of this array is a GeoJSON Geometry object. It is possible for this array to be empty. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 9] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 Unlike the other geometry types described above, a GeometryCollection can be a heterogeneous composition of smaller Geometry objects. For example, a Geometry object in the shape of a lowercase roman "i" can be composed of one point and one LineString. GeometryCollections have a different syntax from single type Geometry objects (Point, LineString, and Polygon) and homogeneously typed multipart Geometry objects (MultiPoint, MultiLineString, and MultiPolygon) but have no different semantics. Although a GeometryCollection object has no "coordinates" member, it does have coordinates: the coordinates of all its parts belong to the collection. The "geometries" member of a GeometryCollection describes the parts of this composition. Implementations SHOULD NOT apply any additional semantics to the "geometries" array. To maximize interoperability, implementations SHOULD avoid nested GeometryCollections. Furthermore, GeometryCollections composed of a single part or a number of parts of a single type SHOULD be avoided when that single part or a single object of multipart type (MultiPoint, MultiLineString, or MultiPolygon) could be used instead. 3.1.9. Antimeridian Cutting In representing Features that cross the antimeridian, interoperability is improved by modifying their geometry. Any geometry that crosses the antimeridian SHOULD be represented by cutting it in two such that neither part's representation crosses the antimeridian. For example, a line extending from 45 degrees N, 170 degrees E across the antimeridian to 45 degrees N, 170 degrees W should be cut in two and represented as a MultiLineString. { "type": "MultiLineString", "coordinates": [ [ [170.0, 45.0], [180.0, 45.0] ], [ [-180.0, 45.0], [-170.0, 45.0] ] ] } Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 10] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 A rectangle extending from 40 degrees N, 170 degrees E across the antimeridian to 50 degrees N, 170 degrees W should be cut in two and represented as a MultiPolygon. { "type": "MultiPolygon", "coordinates": [ [ [ [180.0, 40.0], [180.0, 50.0], [170.0, 50.0], [170.0, 40.0], [180.0, 40.0] ] ], [ [ [-170.0, 40.0], [-170.0, 50.0], [-180.0, 50.0], [-180.0, 40.0], [-170.0, 40.0] ] ] ] } 3.1.10. Uncertainty and Precision As in [RFC5870], the number of digits of the values in coordinate positions MUST NOT be interpreted as an indication to the level of uncertainty. 3.2. Feature Object A Feature object represents a spatially bounded thing. Every Feature object is a GeoJSON object no matter where it occurs in a GeoJSON text. o A Feature object has a "type" member with the value "Feature". o A Feature object has a member with the name "geometry". The value of the geometry member SHALL be either a Geometry object as defined above or, in the case that the Feature is unlocated, a JSON null value. o A Feature object has a member with the name "properties". The value of the properties member is an object (any JSON object or a JSON null value). Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 o If a Feature has a commonly used identifier, that identifier SHOULD be included as a member of the Feature object with the name "id", and the value of this member is either a JSON string or number. 3.3. FeatureCollection Object A GeoJSON object with the type "FeatureCollection" is a FeatureCollection object. A FeatureCollection object has a member with the name "features". The value of "features" is a JSON array. Each element of the array is a Feature object as defined above. It is possible for this array to be empty. 4. Coordinate Reference System The coordinate reference system for all GeoJSON coordinates is a geographic coordinate reference system, using the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) [WGS84] datum, with longitude and latitude units of decimal degrees. This is equivalent to the coordinate reference system identified by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) URN urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC::CRS84. An OPTIONAL third-position element SHALL be the height in meters above or below the WGS 84 reference ellipsoid. In the absence of elevation values, applications sensitive to height or depth SHOULD interpret positions as being at local ground or sea level. Note: the use of alternative coordinate reference systems was specified in [GJ2008], but it has been removed from this version of the specification because the use of different coordinate reference systems -- especially in the manner specified in [GJ2008] -- has proven to have interoperability issues. In general, GeoJSON processing software is not expected to have access to coordinate reference system databases or to have network access to coordinate reference system transformation parameters. However, where all involved parties have a prior arrangement, alternative coordinate reference systems can be used without risk of data being misinterpreted. 5. Bounding Box A GeoJSON object MAY have a member named "bbox" to include information on the coordinate range for its Geometries, Features, or FeatureCollections. The value of the bbox member MUST be an array of length 2*n where n is the number of dimensions represented in the contained geometries, with all axes of the most southwesterly point followed by all axes of the more northeasterly point. The axes order of a bbox follows the axes order of geometries. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 The "bbox" values define shapes with edges that follow lines of constant longitude, latitude, and elevation. Example of a 2D bbox member on a Feature: { "type": "Feature", "bbox": [-10.0, -10.0, 10.0, 10.0], "geometry": { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [-10.0, -10.0], [10.0, -10.0], [10.0, 10.0], [-10.0, -10.0] ] ] } //... } Example of a 2D bbox member on a FeatureCollection: { "type": "FeatureCollection", "bbox": [100.0, 0.0, 105.0, 1.0], "features": [ //... ] } Example of a 3D bbox member with a depth of 100 meters: { "type": "FeatureCollection", "bbox": [100.0, 0.0, -100.0, 105.0, 1.0, 0.0], "features": [ //... ] } Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 13] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 5.1. The Connecting Lines The four lines of the bounding box are defined fully within the coordinate reference system; that is, for a box bounded by the values "west", "south", "east", and "north", every point on the northernmost line can be expressed as (lon, lat) = (west + (east - west) * t, north) with 0 <= t <= 1. 5.2. The Antimeridian Consider a set of point Features within the Fiji archipelago, straddling the antimeridian between 16 degrees S and 20 degrees S. The southwest corner of the box containing these Features is at 20 degrees S and 177 degrees E, and the northwest corner is at 16 degrees S and 178 degrees W. The antimeridian-spanning GeoJSON bounding box for this FeatureCollection is "bbox": [177.0, -20.0, -178.0, -16.0] and covers 5 degrees of longitude. The complementary bounding box for the same latitude band, not crossing the antimeridian, is "bbox": [-178.0, -20.0, 177.0, -16.0] and covers 355 degrees of longitude. The latitude of the northeast corner is always greater than the latitude of the southwest corner, but bounding boxes that cross the antimeridian have a northeast corner longitude that is less than the longitude of the southwest corner. 5.3. The Poles A bounding box that contains the North Pole extends from a southwest corner of "minlat" degrees N, 180 degrees W to a northeast corner of 90 degrees N, 180 degrees E. Viewed on a globe, this bounding box approximates a spherical cap bounded by the "minlat" circle of latitude. "bbox": [-180.0, minlat, 180.0, 90.0] Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 14] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 A bounding box that contains the South Pole extends from a southwest corner of 90 degrees S, 180 degrees W to a northeast corner of "maxlat" degrees S, 180 degrees E. "bbox": [-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, maxlat] A bounding box that just touches the North Pole and forms a slice of an approximate spherical cap when viewed on a globe extends from a southwest corner of "minlat" degrees N and "westlon" degrees E to a northeast corner of 90 degrees N and "eastlon" degrees E. "bbox": [westlon, minlat, eastlon, 90.0] Similarly, a bounding box that just touches the South Pole and forms a slice of an approximate spherical cap when viewed on a globe has the following representation in GeoJSON. "bbox": [westlon, -90.0, eastlon, maxlat] Implementers MUST NOT use latitude values greater than 90 or less than -90 to imply an extent that is not a spherical cap. 6. Extending GeoJSON 6.1. Foreign Members Members not described in this specification ("foreign members") MAY be used in a GeoJSON document. Note that support for foreign members can vary across implementations, and no normative processing model for foreign members is defined. Accordingly, implementations that rely too heavily on the use of foreign members might experience reduced interoperability with other implementations. For example, in the (abridged) Feature object shown below { "type": "Feature", "id": "f1", "geometry": {...}, "properties": {...}, "title": "Example Feature" } the name/value pair of "title": "Example Feature" is a foreign member. When the value of a foreign member is an object, all the descendant members of that object are themselves foreign members. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 15] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 GeoJSON semantics do not apply to foreign members and their descendants, regardless of their names and values. For example, in the (abridged) Feature object below { "type": "Feature", "id": "f2", "geometry": {...}, "properties": {...}, "centerline": { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [ [-170, 10], [170, 11] ] } } the "centerline" member is not a GeoJSON Geometry object. 7. GeoJSON Types Are Not Extensible Implementations MUST NOT extend the fixed set of GeoJSON types: FeatureCollection, Feature, Point, LineString, MultiPoint, Polygon, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, and GeometryCollection. 7.1. Semantics of GeoJSON Members and Types Are Not Changeable Implementations MUST NOT change the semantics of GeoJSON members and types. The GeoJSON "coordinates" and "geometries" members define Geometry objects. FeatureCollection and Feature objects, respectively, MUST NOT contain a "coordinates" or "geometries" member. The GeoJSON "geometry" and "properties" members define a Feature object. FeatureCollection and Geometry objects, respectively, MUST NOT contain a "geometry" or "properties" member. The GeoJSON "features" member defines a FeatureCollection object. Feature and Geometry objects, respectively, MUST NOT contain a "features" member. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 16] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 8. Versioning The GeoJSON format can be extended as defined here, but no explicit versioning scheme is defined. A specification that alters the semantics of GeoJSON members or otherwise modifies the format does not create a new version of this format; instead, it defines an entirely new format that MUST NOT be identified as GeoJSON. 9. Mapping 'geo' URIs 'geo' URIs [RFC5870] identify geographic locations and precise (not uncertain) locations can be mapped to GeoJSON Geometry objects. For this section, as in [RFC5870], "lat", "lon", "alt", and "unc" are placeholders for 'geo' URI latitude, longitude, altitude, and uncertainty values, respectively. A 'geo' URI with two coordinates and an uncertainty ('u') parameter that is absent or zero, and a GeoJSON Point geometry may be mapped to each other. A GeoJSON Point is always converted to a 'geo' URI that has no uncertainty parameter. 'geo' URI: geo:lat,lon GeoJSON: {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [lon, lat]} The mapping between 'geo' URIs and GeoJSON Points that specify elevation is shown below. 'geo' URI: geo:lat,lon,alt GeoJSON: {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [lon, lat, alt]} GeoJSON has no concept of uncertainty; imprecise or uncertain 'geo' URIs thus cannot be mapped to GeoJSON geometries. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 17] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 10. Security Considerations GeoJSON shares security issues common to all JSON content types. See [RFC7159], Section 12 for additional information. GeoJSON does not provide executable content. GeoJSON does not provide privacy or integrity services. If sensitive data requires privacy or integrity protection, those must be provided by the transport -- for example, Transport Layer Security (TLS) or HTTPS. There will be cases in which stored data need protection, which is out of scope for this document. As with other geographic data formats, e.g., [KMLv2.2], providing details about the locations of sensitive persons, animals, habitats, and facilities can expose them to unauthorized tracking or injury. Data providers should recognize the risk of inadvertently identifying individuals if locations in anonymized datasets are not adequately skewed or not sufficiently fuzzed [Sweeney] and recognize that the effectiveness of location obscuration is limited by a number of factors and is unlikely to be an effective defense against a determined attack [RFC6772]. 11. Interoperability Considerations 11.1. I-JSON GeoJSON texts should follow the constraints of Internet JSON (I-JSON) [RFC7493] for maximum interoperability. 11.2. Coordinate Precision The size of a GeoJSON text in bytes is a major interoperability consideration, and precision of coordinate values has a large impact on the size of texts. A GeoJSON text containing many detailed Polygons can be inflated almost by a factor of two by increasing coordinate precision from 6 to 15 decimal places. For geographic coordinates with units of degrees, 6 decimal places (a default common in, e.g., sprintf) amounts to about 10 centimeters, a precision well within that of current GPS systems. Implementations should consider the cost of using a greater precision than necessary. Furthermore, the WGS 84 [WGS84] datum is a relatively coarse approximation of the geoid, with the height varying by up to 5 m (but generally between 2 and 3 meters) higher or lower relative to a surface parallel to Earth's mean sea level. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 12. IANA Considerations The media type for GeoJSON text is "application/geo+json" and is registered in the "Media Types" registry described in [RFC6838]. The entry for "application/vnd.geo+json" in the same registry should have its status changed to be "OBSOLETED" with a pointer to the media type "application/geo+json" and a reference added to this RFC. Type name: application Subtype name: geo+json Required parameters: n/a Optional parameters: n/a Encoding considerations: binary Security considerations: See Section 10 above Interoperability considerations: See Section 11 above Published specification: [[RFC7946]] Applications that use this media type: No known applications currently use this media type. This media type is intended for GeoJSON applications currently using the "application/ vnd.geo+json" or "application/json" media types, of which there are several categories: web mapping, geospatial databases, geographic data processing APIs, data analysis and storage services, and data dissemination. Additional information: Magic number(s): n/a File extension(s): .json, .geojson Macintosh file type code: n/a Object Identifiers: n/a Windows clipboard name: GeoJSON Macintosh uniform type identifier: public.geojson conforms to public.json Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 19] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 Person to contact for further information: Sean Gillies (sean.gillies@gmail.com) Intended usage: COMMON Restrictions on usage: none Restrictions on usage: none Author: see "Authors' Addresses" section of [[RFC7946]]. Change controller: Internet Engineering Task Force 13. References 13.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC6838] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and T. Hansen, "Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013, . [RFC7159] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March 2014, . [RFC7493] Bray, T., Ed., "The I-JSON Message Format", RFC 7493, DOI 10.17487/RFC7493, March 2015, . [WGS84] National Imagery and Mapping Agency, "Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1984: Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems", Third Edition, 1984. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 20] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 13.2. Informative References [GJ2008] Butler, H., Daly, M., Doyle, A., Gillies, S., Schaub, T., and C. Schmidt, "The GeoJSON Format Specification", June 2008. [KMLv2.2] Wilson, T., "OGC KML", OGC 07-147r2, Version 2.2.0, April 2008. [RFC5870] Mayrhofer, A. and C. Spanring, "A Uniform Resource Identifier for Geographic Locations ('geo' URI)", RFC 5870, DOI 10.17487/RFC5870, June 2010, . [RFC6772] Schulzrinne, H., Ed., Tschofenig, H., Ed., Cuellar, J., Polk, J., Morris, J., and M. Thomson, "Geolocation Policy: A Document Format for Expressing Privacy Preferences for Location Information", RFC 6772, DOI 10.17487/RFC6772, January 2013, . [RFC7464] Williams, N., "JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences", RFC 7464, DOI 10.17487/RFC7464, February 2015, . [SFSQL] OpenGIS Consortium, Inc., "OpenGIS Simple Features Specification For SQL Revision 1.1", OGC 99-049, May 1999. [Sweeney] Sweeney, L., "k-anonymity: a model for protecting privacy", International Journal on Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-based Systems 10 (5), 2002; 557-570, DOI 10.1142/S0218488502001648, 2002. [WFSv1] Vretanos, P., "Web Feature Service Implementation Specification", OGC 04-094, Version 1.1.0, May 2005. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 21] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 Appendix A. Geometry Examples Each of the examples below represents a valid and complete GeoJSON object. A.1. Points Point coordinates are in x, y order (easting, northing for projected coordinates, longitude, and latitude for geographic coordinates): { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [100.0, 0.0] } A.2. LineStrings Coordinates of LineString are an array of positions (see Section 3.1.1): { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0] ] } Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 22] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 A.3. Polygons Coordinates of a Polygon are an array of linear ring (see Section 3.1.6) coordinate arrays. The first element in the array represents the exterior ring. Any subsequent elements represent interior rings (or holes). No holes: { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0] ] ] } With holes: { "type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0] ], [ [100.8, 0.8], [100.8, 0.2], [100.2, 0.2], [100.2, 0.8], [100.8, 0.8] ] ] } Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 23] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 A.4. MultiPoints Coordinates of a MultiPoint are an array of positions: { "type": "MultiPoint", "coordinates": [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0] ] } A.5. MultiLineStrings Coordinates of a MultiLineString are an array of LineString coordinate arrays: { "type": "MultiLineString", "coordinates": [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0] ], [ [102.0, 2.0], [103.0, 3.0] ] ] } Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 24] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 A.6. MultiPolygons Coordinates of a MultiPolygon are an array of Polygon coordinate arrays: { "type": "MultiPolygon", "coordinates": [ [ [ [102.0, 2.0], [103.0, 2.0], [103.0, 3.0], [102.0, 3.0], [102.0, 2.0] ] ], [ [ [100.0, 0.0], [101.0, 0.0], [101.0, 1.0], [100.0, 1.0], [100.0, 0.0] ], [ [100.2, 0.2], [100.2, 0.8], [100.8, 0.8], [100.8, 0.2], [100.2, 0.2] ] ] ] } Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 25] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 A.7. GeometryCollections Each element in the "geometries" array of a GeometryCollection is one of the Geometry objects described above: { "type": "GeometryCollection", "geometries": [{ "type": "Point", "coordinates": [100.0, 0.0] }, { "type": "LineString", "coordinates": [ [101.0, 0.0], [102.0, 1.0] ] }] } Appendix B. Changes from the Pre-IETF GeoJSON Format Specification This appendix briefly summarizes non-editorial changes from the 2008 specification [GJ2008]. B.1. Normative Changes o Specification of coordinate reference systems has been removed, i.e., the "crs" member of [GJ2008] is no longer used. o In the absence of elevation values, applications sensitive to height or depth SHOULD interpret positions as being at local ground or sea level (see Section 4). o Implementations SHOULD NOT extend position arrays beyond 3 elements (see Section 3.1.1). o A line between two positions is a straight Cartesian line (see Section 3.1.1). o Polygon rings MUST follow the right-hand rule for orientation (counterclockwise external rings, clockwise internal rings). o The values of a "bbox" array are "[west, south, east, north]", not "[minx, miny, maxx, maxy]" (see Section 5). o A Feature object's "id" member is a string or number (see Section 3.2). Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 26] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 o Extensions MAY be used, but MUST NOT change the semantics of GeoJSON members and types (see Section 6). o GeoJSON objects MUST NOT contain the defining members of other types (see Section 7.1). o The media type for GeoJSON is "application/geo+json". B.2. Informative Changes o The definition of a GeoJSON text has been added. o Rules for mapping 'geo' URIs have been added. o A recommendation of the I-JSON [RFC7493] constraints has been added. o Implementers are cautioned about the effect of excessive coordinate precision on interoperability. o Interoperability concerns of GeometryCollections are noted. These objects should be used sparingly (see Section 3.1.8). Appendix C. GeoJSON Text Sequences All GeoJSON objects defined in this specification -- FeatureCollection, Feature, and Geometry -- consist of exactly one JSON object. However, there may be circumstances in which applications need to represent sets or sequences of these objects (over and above the grouping of Feature objects in a FeatureCollection), e.g., in order to efficiently "stream" large numbers of Feature objects. The definition of such sets or sequences is outside the scope of this specification. If such a representation is needed, a new media type is required that has the ability to represent these sets or sequences. When defining such a media type, it may be useful to base it on "JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Text Sequences" [RFC7464], leaving the foundations of how to represent multiple JSON objects to that specification, and only defining how it applies to GeoJSON objects. Acknowledgements The GeoJSON format is the product of discussion on the GeoJSON mailing list, , before October 2015 and in the IETF's GeoJSON WG after October 2015. Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 27] RFC 7946 GeoJSON August 2016 Material in this document was adapted with changes from [GJ2008], which is licensed under . Authors' Addresses Howard Butler Hobu Inc. Email: howard@hobu.co Martin Daly Cadcorp Email: martin.daly@cadcorp.com Allan Doyle Email: adoyle@intl-interfaces.com Sean Gillies Mapbox Email: sean.gillies@gmail.com URI: http://sgillies.net Stefan Hagen Rheinaustr. 62 Bonn 53225 Germany Email: stefan@hagen.link URI: http://stefan-hagen.website/ Tim Schaub Planet Labs Email: tim.schaub@gmail.com Butler, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]
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