使用mockito模拟静态方法
一、为什么要使用Mock工具
在做单元测试的时候,我们会发现我们要测试的方法会引用很多外部依赖的对象,比如:(发送邮件,网络通讯,远程服务, 文件系统等等)。 而我们没法控制这些外部依赖的对象,为了解决这个问题,我们就需要用到Mock工具来模拟这些外部依赖的对象,来完成单元测试。
二、为什么要使用PowerMock
现如今比较流行的Mock工具如EasyMock 、Mockito等都有一个共同的缺点:不能mock静态、final、私有方法等。而PowerMock能够完美的弥补以上三个Mock工具的不足。
三、PowerMock简介
PowerMock是一个扩展了其它如EasyMock等mock框架的、功能更加强大的框架。PowerMock使用一个自定义类加载器和字节码操作来模拟静态方法,构造函数,final类和方法,私有方法,去除静态初始化器等等。通过使用自定义的类加载器,简化采用的IDE或持续集成服务器不需要做任何改变。熟悉PowerMock支持的mock框架的开发人员会发现PowerMock很容易使用,因为对于静态方法和构造器来说,整个的期望API是一样的。PowerMock旨在用少量的方法和注解扩展现有的API来实现额外的功能。目前PowerMock支持EasyMock和Mockito。
四、PowerMock入门
PowerMock有两个重要的注解:
–@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
–@PrepareForTest( { YourClassWithEgStaticMethod.class })
如果你的测试用例里没有使用注解@PrepareForTest,那么可以不用加注解@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class),反之亦然。当你需要使用PowerMock强大功能(Mock静态、final、私有方法等)的时候,就需要加注解@PrepareForTest。
五、PowerMock基本用法
(1) 普通Mock: Mock参数传递的对象
测试目标代码:
1 |
public boolean callArgumentInstance(File file) { |
2 |
3 |
return file.exists(); |
4 |
5 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@Test |
02 |
public void testCallArgumentInstance() { |
03 |
|
04 |
File file = PowerMockito.mock(File. class ); |
05 |
06 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
07 |
|
08 |
PowerMockito.when(file.exists()).thenReturn( true ); |
09 |
|
10 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callArgumentInstance(file)); |
11 |
} |
说明:普通Mock不需要加@RunWith和@PrepareForTest注解。
(2) Mock方法内部new出来的对象
测试目标代码:
01 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
02 |
03 |
public boolean callInternalInstance(String path) { |
04 |
05 |
File file = new File(path); |
06 |
07 |
return file.exists(); |
08 |
09 |
} |
10 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassUnderTest. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallInternalInstance() throws Exception { |
07 |
08 |
File file = PowerMockito.mock(File. class ); |
09 |
10 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
11 |
12 |
PowerMockito.whenNew(File. class ).withArguments( "bbb" ).thenReturn(file); |
13 |
|
14 |
PowerMockito.when(file.exists()).thenReturn( true ); |
15 |
16 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callInternalInstance( "bbb" )); |
17 |
} |
18 |
} |
说明:当使用PowerMockito.whenNew方法时,必须加注解@PrepareForTest和@RunWith。注解@PrepareForTest里写的类是需要mock的new对象代码所在的类。
(3) Mock普通对象的final方法
测试目标代码:
1 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
2 |
3 |
public boolean callFinalMethod(ClassDependency refer) { |
4 |
5 |
return refer.isAlive(); |
6 |
7 |
} |
8 |
} |
01 |
public class ClassDependency { |
02 |
|
03 |
public final boolean isAlive() { |
04 |
05 |
// do something |
06 |
07 |
return false ; |
08 |
09 |
} |
10 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassDependency. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallFinalMethod() { |
07 |
08 |
ClassDependency depencency = PowerMockito.mock(ClassDependency. class ); |
09 |
|
10 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
11 |
|
12 |
PowerMockito.when(depencency.isAlive()).thenReturn( true ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callFinalMethod(depencency)); |
15 |
|
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明: 当需要mock final方法的时候,必须加注解@PrepareForTest和@RunWith。注解@PrepareForTest里写的类是final方法所在的类。
(4) Mock普通类的静态方法
测试目标代码:
1 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
2 |
3 |
public boolean callStaticMethod() { |
4 |
|
5 |
return ClassDependency.isExist(); |
6 |
7 |
} |
8 |
} |
01 |
public class ClassDependency { |
02 |
|
03 |
public static boolean isExist() { |
04 |
05 |
// do something |
06 |
07 |
return false ; |
08 |
09 |
} |
10 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassDependency. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallStaticMethod() { |
07 |
|
08 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
09 |
|
10 |
PowerMockito.mockStatic(ClassDependency. class ); |
11 |
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PowerMockito.when(ClassDependency.isExist()).thenReturn( true ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callStaticMethod()); |
15 |
|
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明:当需要mock静态方法的时候,必须加注解@PrepareForTest和@RunWith。注解@PrepareForTest里写的类是静态方法所在的类。
(5) Mock 私有方法
测试目标代码:
01 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
02 |
03 |
public boolean callPrivateMethod() { |
04 |
05 |
return isExist(); |
06 |
07 |
} |
08 |
09 |
private boolean isExist() { |
10 |
|
11 |
return false ; |
12 |
13 |
} |
14 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassUnderTest. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallPrivateMethod() throws Exception { |
07 |
08 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = PowerMockito.mock(ClassUnderTest. class ); |
09 |
10 |
PowerMockito.when(underTest.callPrivateMethod()).thenCallRealMethod(); |
11 |
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PowerMockito.when(underTest, "isExist" ).thenReturn( true ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callPrivateMethod()); |
15 |
|
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明:和Mock普通方法一样,只是需要加注解@PrepareForTest(ClassUnderTest.class),注解里写的类是私有方法所在的类。
(6) Mock系统类的静态和final方法
测试目标代码:
01 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
02 |
03 |
public boolean callSystemFinalMethod(String str) { |
04 |
05 |
return str.isEmpty(); |
06 |
07 |
} |
08 |
09 |
public String callSystemStaticMethod(String str) { |
10 |
|
11 |
return System.getProperty(str); |
12 |
13 |
} |
14 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassUnderTest. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallSystemStaticMethod() { |
07 |
08 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
09 |
10 |
PowerMockito.mockStatic(System. class ); |
11 |
12 |
PowerMockito.when(System.getProperty( "aaa" )).thenReturn( "bbb" ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertEquals( "bbb" , underTest.callJDKStaticMethod( "aaa" )); |
15 |
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明:和Mock普通对象的静态方法、final方法一样,只不过注解@PrepareForTest里写的类不一样 ,注解里写的类是需要调用系统方法所在的类。
六 、无所不能的PowerMock
(1) 验证静态方法:
PowerMockito.verifyStatic();
Static.firstStaticMethod(param);
(2) 扩展验证:
PowerMockito.verifyStatic(Mockito.times(2)); // 被调用2次 Static.thirdStaticMethod(Mockito.anyInt()); // 以任何整数值被调用
(3) 更多的Mock方法
http://code.google.com/p/powermock/wiki/MockitoUsage13
七、PowerMock简单实现原理
• 当某个测试方法被注解@PrepareForTest标注以后,在运行测试用例时,会创建一个新的org.powermock.core.classloader.MockClassLoader实例,然后加载该测试用例使用到的类(系统类除外)。
• PowerMock会根据你的mock要求,去修改写在注解@PrepareForTest里的class文件(当前测试类会自动加入注解中),以满足特殊的mock需求。例如:去除final方法的final标识,在静态方法的最前面加入自己的虚拟实现等。
• 如果需要mock的是系统类的final方法和静态方法,PowerMock不会直接修改系统类的class文件,而是修改调用系统类的class文件,以满足mock需求。
powmock的maven依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.powermock</groupId>
<artifactId>powermock-api-mockito</artifactId>
<version>1.6.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.powermock</groupId>
<artifactId>powermock-module-junit4</artifactId>
<version>1.6.1</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
1 |
public boolean callArgumentInstance(File file) { |
2 |
3 |
return file.exists(); |
4 |
5 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@Test |
02 |
public void testCallArgumentInstance() { |
03 |
|
04 |
File file = PowerMockito.mock(File. class ); |
05 |
06 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
07 |
|
08 |
PowerMockito.when(file.exists()).thenReturn( true ); |
09 |
|
10 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callArgumentInstance(file)); |
11 |
} |
说明:普通Mock不需要加@RunWith和@PrepareForTest注解。
(2) Mock方法内部new出来的对象
测试目标代码:
01 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
02 |
03 |
public boolean callInternalInstance(String path) { |
04 |
05 |
File file = new File(path); |
06 |
07 |
return file.exists(); |
08 |
09 |
} |
10 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassUnderTest. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallInternalInstance() throws Exception { |
07 |
08 |
File file = PowerMockito.mock(File. class ); |
09 |
10 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
11 |
12 |
PowerMockito.whenNew(File. class ).withArguments( "bbb" ).thenReturn(file); |
13 |
|
14 |
PowerMockito.when(file.exists()).thenReturn( true ); |
15 |
16 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callInternalInstance( "bbb" )); |
17 |
} |
18 |
} |
说明:当使用PowerMockito.whenNew方法时,必须加注解@PrepareForTest和@RunWith。注解@PrepareForTest里写的类是需要mock的new对象代码所在的类。
(3) Mock普通对象的final方法
测试目标代码:
1 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
2 |
3 |
public boolean callFinalMethod(ClassDependency refer) { |
4 |
5 |
return refer.isAlive(); |
6 |
7 |
} |
8 |
} |
01 |
public class ClassDependency { |
02 |
|
03 |
public final boolean isAlive() { |
04 |
05 |
// do something |
06 |
07 |
return false ; |
08 |
09 |
} |
10 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassDependency. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallFinalMethod() { |
07 |
08 |
ClassDependency depencency = PowerMockito.mock(ClassDependency. class ); |
09 |
|
10 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
11 |
|
12 |
PowerMockito.when(depencency.isAlive()).thenReturn( true ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callFinalMethod(depencency)); |
15 |
|
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明: 当需要mock final方法的时候,必须加注解@PrepareForTest和@RunWith。注解@PrepareForTest里写的类是final方法所在的类。
(4) Mock普通类的静态方法
测试目标代码:
1 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
2 |
3 |
public boolean callStaticMethod() { |
4 |
|
5 |
return ClassDependency.isExist(); |
6 |
7 |
} |
8 |
} |
01 |
public class ClassDependency { |
02 |
|
03 |
public static boolean isExist() { |
04 |
05 |
// do something |
06 |
07 |
return false ; |
08 |
09 |
} |
10 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassDependency. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallStaticMethod() { |
07 |
|
08 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
09 |
|
10 |
PowerMockito.mockStatic(ClassDependency. class ); |
11 |
12 |
PowerMockito.when(ClassDependency.isExist()).thenReturn( true ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callStaticMethod()); |
15 |
|
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明:当需要mock静态方法的时候,必须加注解@PrepareForTest和@RunWith。注解@PrepareForTest里写的类是静态方法所在的类。
(5) Mock 私有方法
测试目标代码:
01 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
02 |
03 |
public boolean callPrivateMethod() { |
04 |
05 |
return isExist(); |
06 |
07 |
} |
08 |
09 |
private boolean isExist() { |
10 |
|
11 |
return false ; |
12 |
13 |
} |
14 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassUnderTest. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallPrivateMethod() throws Exception { |
07 |
08 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = PowerMockito.mock(ClassUnderTest. class ); |
09 |
10 |
PowerMockito.when(underTest.callPrivateMethod()).thenCallRealMethod(); |
11 |
12 |
PowerMockito.when(underTest, "isExist" ).thenReturn( true ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertTrue(underTest.callPrivateMethod()); |
15 |
|
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明:和Mock普通方法一样,只是需要加注解@PrepareForTest(ClassUnderTest.class),注解里写的类是私有方法所在的类。
(6) Mock系统类的静态和final方法
测试目标代码:
01 |
public class ClassUnderTest { |
02 |
03 |
public boolean callSystemFinalMethod(String str) { |
04 |
05 |
return str.isEmpty(); |
06 |
07 |
} |
08 |
09 |
public String callSystemStaticMethod(String str) { |
10 |
|
11 |
return System.getProperty(str); |
12 |
13 |
} |
14 |
} |
测试用例代码:
01 |
@RunWith (PowerMockRunner. class ) |
02 |
public class TestClassUnderTest { |
03 |
04 |
@Test |
05 |
@PrepareForTest (ClassUnderTest. class ) |
06 |
public void testCallSystemStaticMethod() { |
07 |
08 |
ClassUnderTest underTest = new ClassUnderTest(); |
09 |
10 |
PowerMockito.mockStatic(System. class ); |
11 |
12 |
PowerMockito.when(System.getProperty( "aaa" )).thenReturn( "bbb" ); |
13 |
|
14 |
Assert.assertEquals( "bbb" , underTest.callJDKStaticMethod( "aaa" )); |
15 |
16 |
} |
17 |
} |
说明:和Mock普通对象的静态方法、final方法一样,只不过注解@PrepareForTest里写的类不一样 ,注解里写的类是需要调用系统方法所在的类。
六 、无所不能的PowerMock
(1) 验证静态方法:
PowerMockito.verifyStatic();
Static.firstStaticMethod(param);
(2) 扩展验证:
PowerMockito.verifyStatic(Mockito.times(2)); // 被调用2次 Static.thirdStaticMethod(Mockito.anyInt()); // 以任何整数值被调用
(3) 更多的Mock方法
http://code.google.com/p/powermock/wiki/MockitoUsage13
七、PowerMock简单实现原理
• 当某个测试方法被注解@PrepareForTest标注以后,在运行测试用例时,会创建一个新的org.powermock.core.classloader.MockClassLoader实例,然后加载该测试用例使用到的类(系统类除外)。
• PowerMock会根据你的mock要求,去修改写在注解@PrepareForTest里的class文件(当前测试类会自动加入注解中),以满足特殊的mock需求。例如:去除final方法的final标识,在静态方法的最前面加入自己的虚拟实现等。
• 如果需要mock的是系统类的final方法和静态方法,PowerMock不会直接修改系统类的class文件,而是修改调用系统类的class文件,以满足mock需求。