Rust 内置 trait :PartialEq 和 Eq

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Eq and PartialEq are traits that allow you to define total and partial equality between values, respectively. Implementing them overloads the == and != operators.

PartialEq

/// [`eq`]: PartialEq::eq
/// [`ne`]: PartialEq::ne
#[lang = "eq"]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[doc(alias = "==")]
#[doc(alias = "!=")]
#[rustc_on_unimplemented(
    message = "can't compare `{Self}` with `{Rhs}`",
    label = "no implementation for `{Self} == {Rhs}`"
)]
pub trait PartialEq<Rhs: ?Sized = Self> {
    /// This method tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used
    /// by `==`.
    #[must_use]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    fn eq(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool;

    /// This method tests for `!=`.
    #[inline]
    #[must_use]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool {
        !self.eq(other)
    }
}

如果我们想比较某个类型的两个值 x 和 y 是否相等(不等),例如:x == y (x != y),那么我们就必须为类型实现 PartialEq Trait

PartialEq 可使用 #[derive] 来交由编译器实现,当一个 struct 在进行相等比较时,会对其中每一个字段进行比较;如果遇到枚举时,还会对枚举所拥有的数据进行比较。

我们也可以自己实现 PartialEq,实现时只需要实现判断是否相等的函数 fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool ,Rust 会自动提供 fn ne(&self, other: &Self) -> bool。例子如下:

enum BookFormat {
    Paperback,
    Hardback,
    Ebook,
}

struct Book {
    isbn: i32,
    format: BookFormat,
}

impl PartialEq for Book {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.isbn == other.isbn
    }
}

Eq

pub trait Eq: PartialEq<Self> {
    // this method is used solely by #[deriving] to assert
    // that every component of a type implements #[deriving]
    // itself, the current deriving infrastructure means doing this
    // assertion without using a method on this trait is nearly
    // impossible.
    //
    // This should never be implemented by hand.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    fn assert_receiver_is_total_eq(&self) {}
}

实现 Eq 的前提是已经实现了 PartialEq,因为实现 Eq 不需要额外的代码,只需要在实现了PartialEq 的基础上告诉编译器它的比较满足自反性就可以了。对于上面的例子只需要:#[derive(Eq)]impl Eq for Book {}

enum BookFormat {
    Paperback,
    Hardback,
    Ebook,
}

struct Book {
    isbn: i32,
    format: BookFormat,
}

impl PartialEq for Book {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.isbn == other.isbn
    }
}

impl Eq for Book {}

PartialEq 和 Eq

这两个 Traits 的名称实际上来自于抽象代数中的等价关系和局部等价关系。

等价关系(equivalence relation)即设 \(\displaystyle R\) 是某个集合 \(\displaystyle A\) 上的一个二元关系。若 \(\displaystyle R\) 满足以下条件:

  1. 自反性:\(\displaystyle \forall x\in A,~~xRx\)
  2. 对称性:\(\displaystyle \forall x,y\in A,~~xRy~~\implies ~~yRx\)
  3. 传递性:\(\displaystyle \forall x,y,z\in A,~~~(xRy~~\wedge ~~yRz)~~\implies ~~xRz\)

则称 \(\displaystyle R\) 是一个定义在 \(\displaystyle A\) 上的等价关系

并非所有的二元关系都是等价关系, EqPartialEq 的区别在于是否在相等比较中是否满足自反性,即 x == x

例如对于浮点类型,Rust 只实现了 PartialEq 而没有实现 Eq,原因在于 NaN != Nan,不满足自反性。

Eq 相比 PartialEq 需要额外满足自反性,即 a == a,对于浮点类型,Rust 只实现了 PartialEq 而不是 Eq,原因就是 NaN != NaN

Eq 和 Hash

当一个类型同时实现了 Eq 和 Hash 时,该类型满足下列特性:

k1 == k2 -> hash(k1) == hash(k2)

即,当两个 key 相等时,它们的哈希值必然相等。Rust 里的 HashMap 和 HashSet 都依赖该特性。

posted @ 2021-03-28 12:25  debugzhang  阅读(514)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报