基于Angular 8和Bootstrap 4实现动态主题切换
效果
首先看看效果:
本文将介绍如何基于Angular 8和Bootstrap 4来实现上面的主题切换效果。
设计
遵循Bootstrap的设计,我们会使用bootswatch.com提供的免费主题来实现上面的效果。Bootswatch为前端程序员提供了多达21种免费的Bootstrap主题,并且提供了API文档和实例页面,介绍如何在HTML+jQuery的环境中实现主题切换。其实,我们也可以使用Bootstrap官网提供的主题设计工具来设计自己的主题,这些自定义的主题也是可以用在本文介绍的方法里的,只需要替换相关的资源地址就可以。如果你打开Bootswatch的API,你就会看到各种主题的元数据信息,我们可以使用其中的cssMin链接来替换主页的link地址,以达到切换主题的目的。
在开工之前,还是要做一些粗略的设计。为了简单起见,我使用Bootstrap的Navbar来完成这个功能,因为Navbar的代码可以直接从Bootstrap官网拷贝过来,稍微改改就行。不同的是,我将Navbar封装在一个组件(Component)里,这样做的好处是,可以将切换主题的功能封装起来,以实现模块化的设计。下图展示了这一设计:
基本流程如下:
- theme.service.ts提供从Bootswatch获取主题信息的服务
- 主应用app.component.ts调用theme.service.ts,获取主题信息,并将主题信息绑定到nav-bar.component.ts组件
- 第一次执行站点,站点会使用定义在environment.ts中的默认值作为默认主题,当每次切换主题时,会将所选主题绑定到nav-bar.component.ts上,用来在下拉菜单中标注已选主题,并将所选主题名称保存在LocalStorage,以便下次启动站点时直接应用已选主题
- nav-bar.component.ts组件会在Navbar上的dropdown中列出所有的主题名称,并且标注所选主题,当用户点击某个主题名称时,就会触发themeSelectionChanged事件,app.component.ts接收到这个事件后,就会替换主页的link,完成主题设置
步骤
首先,根据Bootswatch API所返回的数据结构,定义一个数据模型:
export class ThemeDefinition { name: string; description: string; thumbnail: string; preview: string; css: string; cssMin: string; cssCdn: string; scss: string; scssVariables: string; } export class Themes { version: String; themes: ThemeDefinition[]; }
然后,创建theme.service.ts服务,用来调用Bootswatch API:
import { Injectable } from '@angular/core'; import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http'; import { Observable } from 'rxjs'; import { Themes } from '../models/themes'; @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) export class ThemeService { constructor(private http: HttpClient) { } getThemes(): Observable<Themes> { return this.http.get<Themes>('https://bootswatch.com/api/4.json'); } }
接下来,创建Navbar组件,关键代码部分就是将主题的名称绑定到dropdown上,并根据选择的主题名称决定当前所显示的主题名称是否应该是active的。当然,dropdown的每个item还应该响应用户的点击事件:
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-dark"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="#"><i class="fab fa-acquisitions-incorporated"></i></a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent"> <ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto"> <li class="nav-item active"> <a class="nav-link" href="#">Home <span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="#">Link</a> </li> <li *ngIf="themes" class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> 主题 </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown"> <a *ngFor="let theme of themes.themes" [className]="theme.name === selectedTheme ? 'dropdown-item active' : 'dropdown-item'" href="#" (click)="onThemeItemSelected($event)">{{theme.name}}</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav>
Navbar组件的代码如下:
import { Component, OnInit, Output, EventEmitter, Input } from '@angular/core'; import { Themes } from 'src/app/models/themes'; import { ThemeService } from 'src/app/services/theme.service'; import { ThemeDefinition } from 'src/app/models/theme-definition'; @Component({ selector: 'app-nav-bar', templateUrl: './nav-bar.component.html', styleUrls: ['./nav-bar.component.css'] }) export class NavBarComponent implements OnInit { @Input() themes: Themes; @Input() selectedTheme:string; @Output() themeSelectionChanged : EventEmitter<ThemeDefinition> = new EventEmitter(); constructor(private themeService: ThemeService) { } ngOnInit() { } onThemeItemSelected(event: any) { const selectedThemeName = event.target.text; const selectedTheme = this.themes.themes.find(t => t.name === selectedThemeName); this.themeSelectionChanged.emit(selectedTheme); } }
在onThemeItemSelected事件处理函数中,会读取被点击dropdown item的名称,根据该名称找到所选的主题,然后将其作为事件数据,发起themeSelectionChanged事件,然后,就是app.component.ts来处理这个事件了。在该事件处理函数中,从事件数据获取主题信息,然后调用applyTheme方法来应用主题:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core'; import { ThemeDefinition } from './models/theme-definition'; import { Themes } from './models/themes'; import { ThemeService } from './services/theme.service'; import { environment } from 'src/environments/environment'; import { StorageMap } from '@ngx-pwa/local-storage'; @Component({ selector: 'app-root', templateUrl: './app.component.html', styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'] }) export class AppComponent implements OnInit { title = 'nblogger'; themes: Themes; selectedTheme: string; constructor(private themeService: ThemeService, private storage: StorageMap) { } ngOnInit() { this.themeService.getThemes() .subscribe(data => { this.themes = data; this.storage.get('app-theme-name').subscribe(name => { const themeName = name ? name : environment.defaultTheme; const currentTheme = this.themes.themes.find(t => t.name === themeName); this.applyTheme(currentTheme); }); }); } onThemeSelectionChanged(event: ThemeDefinition) { this.applyTheme(event); } private applyTheme(def: ThemeDefinition): void { this.storage.set('app-theme-name', def.name).subscribe(()=>{}); this.selectedTheme = def.name; const links = document.getElementsByTagName('link'); for(let i = 0; i < links.length; i++) { const link = links[i]; if (link.getAttribute('rel').indexOf('style') !== -1 && link.getAttribute('type').indexOf('text') !== -1) { link.setAttribute('href', def.cssMin); } } } }
在applyTheme方法中,首先会将所选主题名称设置到LocalStorage中,以便下次打开页面的时候能够直接应用主题;然后,从当前document中找到所需的link tag,并将其href值替换为所选主题信息的cssMin链接地址(内容可以参考Bootswatch的API结果)以此完成主题替换。
当重新打开页面时,app.component.ts中的ngOnInit初始化方法会被首先调用,它会通过theme.service.ts来读取主题信息,之后判断LocalStorage中是否有已经设置好的主题。如果有,则使用该主题,否则就从environment.ts的默认值中选择主题名称进行设置。
app.component.ts所使用的template就比较简单,主体是对Navbar组件的引用,还可以加一些额外的HTML元素进行效果测试:
<app-nav-bar [themes]="themes" [selectedTheme]="selectedTheme" (themeSelectionChanged)="onThemeSelectionChanged($event)"></app-nav-bar> <div class="container"> <article> <h1>Heading 1</h1> <h2>Heading 2</h2> <h3>Heading 3</h3> <h4>Heading 4</h4> </article> <div class="alert alert-primary" role="alert"> 这是一个警告框 </div> <div class="alert alert-secondary" role="alert"> A simple secondary alert—check it out! </div> <div class="alert alert-success" role="alert"> A simple success alert—check it out! </div> <div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert"> A simple danger alert—check it out! </div> <div class="alert alert-warning" role="alert"> A simple warning alert—check it out! </div> <div class="alert alert-info" role="alert"> A simple info alert—check it out! </div> <div class="alert alert-light" role="alert"> A simple light alert—check it out! </div> <div class="alert alert-dark" role="alert"> A simple dark alert—check it out! </div> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Primary</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary">Secondary</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-success">成功</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-danger">失败</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-warning">警告</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-info">信息</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-light">Light</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-dark">Dark</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-link">Link</button> </div>
当然,记得在index.html中加入link的占位符,以便上面的applyTheme方法能够找到它:
<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Nblogger</title> <base href="/"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="favicon.ico"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="#"> </head> <body> <app-root></app-root> </body> </html>
总结
我们可以将Bootswatch的所有主题下载到本地,由本地服务来提供主题的API,这样切换主题会变得更快,也可以自己自定义主题然后扩展这个自制的本地API来提供更丰富的主题,根据需要来定吧。
Happy coding…