Netty学习——Google Protobuf的初步了解
学习参考的官网: https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/javatutorial
简单指南详解:这个文档写的简直是太详细了。
本篇从下面三个步骤进行介绍:
- I. Define message formats in a .proto file.
- II. Use the protocol buffer compiler.
- III. Use the Java protocol buffer API to write and read messages.
详细内容,我就不做过多解释,自行查阅官方文档,在这只是记录,我觉得比较重要的东西,能够帮助我更好的理解。
I.Define message formats in a .proto file.
syntax = "proto2";
package tutorial; //包名
option java_package = "com.example.tutorial"; //针对于java的包名
option java_outer_classname = "AddressBookProtos"; //这个文件,最终都会被包裹在这个类内,下面的类算是这个类的内部类
message Person {
required string name = 1;
required int32 id = 2;
optional string email = 3;
enum PhoneType { //枚举类型
MOBILE = 0;
HOME = 1;
WORK = 2;
}
message PhoneNumber {
required string number = 1;
optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME]; // optional类型 和定义默认值
}
repeated PhoneNumber phones = 4;
}
message AddressBook {
repeated Person people = 1; //repeated类型,其实就相当于java的ArrayList,用来
}
其他需要注意的点:
1.对于前两个字段java_package 和 package ,就是说,可以不写java_package,会默认 调用package ,写了java_package,java就会识别这个,但是就算写了java_package,也要package ,是为了其他语言能够有包名能够使用
2.这个数字,=1, =2 ,不是顺序,或者是赋值,只是每一个字段在Proto文件中,都会有一个唯一数字标识符
3.对于以下的三种类型 required,optional,repeated 官方推荐,尽量不是用required,因为弊大于利。
II. Use the protocol buffer compiler.
需要注意的地方:
使用PB编译器生成出的对象是不可变的,需要使用构建器的方法连模式(set.set.set )一个一个的去设置值,然后再需要最后使用build方法去完成整个对象的创建,如下介绍
每一次set完之后的返回结果,都是另一个构建器,就是为了能够在一行代码上,完成对象的构建
通过构建器的方法连模式,完成一个对象的创建和设置值的标准写法:如下
Person john =
Person.newBuilder()
.setId(1234)
.setName("John Doe")
.setEmail("jdoe@example.com")
.addPhones(
Person.PhoneNumber.newBuilder()
.setNumber("555-4321")
.setType(Person.PhoneType.HOME))
.build();
Message除了自定义的属性之外,还提供的有几个默认的方法,让你能够检查和操作整个消息
isInitialized()://检查是否所有的必备字段,都已经被设置值
toString(): //返回一个人类可读的字符形式,通常用于调试
mergeFrom()://(只有构建器才有)将另一个消息的内容,合并到当前消息当中并且覆盖之前的标量字段,合并复核的字段和重复的阻断,完成对象的合并
clear()://(只有构建器才有) 恢复到原来属性都为空的这个状态
解析和序列化这些消息
byte[] toByteArray(); //将消息序列化,并返回了包含原生字节的一个字节数组,就是把消息本身转换成字节数组
static Person parseFrom(byte[] data);//从给定的字节数组当中解析这条消息,将字节数组的内容转换成对象
void writeTo(OutputStream output);//将消息序列化,并输出到一个输出流当中,
static Person parseFrom(InputStream input); //接着读取输入流中的消息并进行解析
注意:不能通过继承的方式,给这个对象添加更多的行为。
如果想要给这个message对象赋予响应的方法,可以借助使用多个message合并的方式来实现功能而并不是通过继承的方式
III. Use the Java protocol buffer API to write and read messages.
Writer a Message
import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.AddressBook;
import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.Person;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintStream;
class AddPerson {
// This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
static Person PromptForAddress(BufferedReader stdin,
PrintStream stdout) throws IOException {
Person.Builder person = Person.newBuilder();
stdout.print("Enter person ID: ");
person.setId(Integer.valueOf(stdin.readLine()));
stdout.print("Enter name: ");
person.setName(stdin.readLine());
stdout.print("Enter email address (blank for none): ");
String email = stdin.readLine();
if (email.length() > 0) {
person.setEmail(email);
}
while (true) {
stdout.print("Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ");
String number = stdin.readLine();
if (number.length() == 0) {
break;
}
Person.PhoneNumber.Builder phoneNumber =
Person.PhoneNumber.newBuilder().setNumber(number);
stdout.print("Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ");
String type = stdin.readLine();
if (type.equals("mobile")) {
phoneNumber.setType(Person.PhoneType.MOBILE);
} else if (type.equals("home")) {
phoneNumber.setType(Person.PhoneType.HOME);
} else if (type.equals("work")) {
phoneNumber.setType(Person.PhoneType.WORK);
} else {
stdout.println("Unknown phone type. Using default.");
}
person.addPhones(phoneNumber);
}
return person.build();
}
// Main function: Reads the entire address book from a file,
// adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
// file.
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length != 1) {
System.err.println("Usage: AddPerson ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE");
System.exit(-1);
}
AddressBook.Builder addressBook = AddressBook.newBuilder();
// Read the existing address book.
try {
addressBook.mergeFrom(new FileInputStream(args[0]));
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println(args[0] + ": File not found. Creating a new file.");
}
// Add an address.
addressBook.addPerson(
PromptForAddress(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)),
System.out));
// Write the new address book back to disk.
FileOutputStream output = new FileOutputStream(args[0]);
addressBook.build().writeTo(output);
output.close();
}
}
Reader a Message
import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.AddressBook;
import com.example.tutorial.AddressBookProtos.Person;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintStream;
class ListPeople {
// Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
static void Print(AddressBook addressBook) {
for (Person person: addressBook.getPeopleList()) {
System.out.println("Person ID: " + person.getId());
System.out.println(" Name: " + person.getName());
if (person.hasEmail()) {
System.out.println(" E-mail address: " + person.getEmail());
}
for (Person.PhoneNumber phoneNumber : person.getPhonesList()) {
switch (phoneNumber.getType()) {
case MOBILE:
System.out.print(" Mobile phone #: ");
break;
case HOME:
System.out.print(" Home phone #: ");
break;
case WORK:
System.out.print(" Work phone #: ");
break;
}
System.out.println(phoneNumber.getNumber());
}
}
}
// Main function: Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
// the information inside.
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length != 1) {
System.err.println("Usage: ListPeople ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE");
System.exit(-1);
}
// Read the existing address book.
AddressBook addressBook =
AddressBook.parseFrom(new FileInputStream(args[0]));
Print(addressBook);
}
}