第十二章：SPDY
本文转自互联网博客，在此感谢博主的总结归纳，本文只提供于巩固复习使用
本章我将不会直接翻译Netty In Action书中的原文，感觉原书中本章讲的很多废话，我翻译起来也吃力。所以，本章内容我会根据其他资料和个人理解来讲述。
12.1 SPDY概念及背景
SPDY 是 Google 开发的基于传输控制协议 (TCP) 的应用层协议 ，开发组正在推动 SPDY 成为正式标准（现为互联网草案）。SPDY 协议旨在通过压缩、多路复用和优先级来缩短网页的加载时间和提高安全性。（SPDY 是 Speedy 的昵音，意思是更快）。
为什么需要SPDY？SPDY 协议只是在性能上对 HTTP 做了很大的优化，其核心思想是尽量减少连接个数，而对于 HTTP 的语义并没有做太大的修改。具体来说是，SPDY 使用了 HTTP 的方法和页眉，但是删除了一些头并重写了 HTTP 中管理连接和数据转移格式的部分，所以基本上是兼容 HTTP 的。
Google 在 SPDY 白皮书里表示要向协议栈下面渗透并替换掉传输层协议（TCP），但是因为这样无论是部署起来还是实现起来暂时相当困难，因此 Google 准备先对应用层协议 HTTP 进行改进，先在 SSL 之上增加一个会话层来实现 SPDY 协议，而 HTTP 的 GET 和 POST 消息格式保持不变，即现有的所有服务端应用均不用做任何修改。因此在目前，SPDY 的目的是为了加强 HTTP，是对 HTTP 一个更好的实现和支持。至于未来 SPDY 得到广泛应用后会不会演一出狸猫换太子，替换掉 HTTP 并彻底颠覆整个 Internet 就是 Google 的事情了。
距离万维网之父蒂姆·伯纳斯-李发明并推动 HTTP 成为如今互联网最流行的协议已经过去十几年了（现用 HTTP 1.1 规范也停滞了 13 年了），随着现在 WEB 技术的飞速发展尤其是 HTML5 的不断演进，包括 WebSockets 协议的出现以及当前网络环境的改变、传输内容的变化，当初的 HTTP 规范已经逐渐无法满足人们的需要了，HTTP 需要进一步发展，因此 HTTPbis 工作组已经被组建并被授权考虑 HTTP 2.0 ，希望能解决掉目前 HTTP 所带来的诸多限制。而 SPDY 正是 Google 在 HTTP 即将从 1.1 跨越到 2.0 之际推出的试图成为下一代互联网通信的协议，长期以来一直被认为是 HTTP 2.0 唯一可行选择。
SPDY相比HTTP有如下优点：
- SPDY多路复用，请求优化；而HTTP单路连接，请求低效
- SPDY支持服务器推送技术；而HTTP只允许由客户端主动发起请求
- SPDY压缩了HTTP头信息，节省了传输数据的带宽流量；而HTTP头冗余，同一个会话会反复送头信息
- SPDY强制使用SSL传输协议，全部请求SSL加密后，信息传输更安全
谷歌表示，引入SPDY协议后，在实验室测试中页面加载速度比原先快64%。
支持SPDY协议的浏览器：
- Google Chrome 19+和Chromium 19+
- Mozilla Firefox 11+，从13开始默认支持
- Opera 12.10+
- Internet Explorer 11+
12.2 本例子流程图
12.3 Netty中使用SPDY
支持SPDY的ChannelPipeline如下图：
不支持SPDY的ChannelPipeline如下图：
例子代码如下：
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import org.eclipse.jetty.npn.NextProtoNego.ServerProvider;
public class DefaultServerProvider implements ServerProvider {
private static final List<String> PROTOCOLS = Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays
.asList("spdy/3.1", "http/1.1", "http/1.0", "Unknown"));
private String protocol;
public String getSelectedProtocol() {
return protocol;
}
@Override
public void protocolSelected(String arg0) {
this.protocol = arg0;
}
@Override
public List<String> protocols() {
return PROTOCOLS;
}
@Override
public void unsupported() {
protocol = "http/1.1";
}
}
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultFullHttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpRequest;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpResponse;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaders;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseStatus;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpVersion;
import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
public class HttpRequestHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<FullHttpRequest> {
@Override
protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, FullHttpRequest request)
throws Exception {
if (HttpHeaders.is100ContinueExpected(request)) {
send100Continue(ctx);
}
FullHttpResponse response = new DefaultFullHttpResponse(
request.getProtocolVersion(), HttpResponseStatus.OK);
response.content().writeBytes(getContent().getBytes(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_TYPE,
"text/plain; charset=UTF-8");
boolean keepAlive = HttpHeaders.isKeepAlive(request);
if (keepAlive) {
response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_LENGTH,
response.content().readableBytes());
response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONNECTION,
HttpHeaders.Values.KEEP_ALIVE);
}
ChannelFuture future = ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
if (!keepAlive) {
future.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
}
}
private static void send100Continue(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
FullHttpResponse response = new DefaultFullHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
HttpResponseStatus.CONTINUE);
ctx.writeAndFlush(response);
}
protected String getContent() {
return "This content is transmitted via HTTP\r\n";
}
@Override
public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause)
throws Exception {
cause.printStackTrace();
ctx.close();
}
}
package netty.in.action.spdy;
public class SpdyRequestHandler extends HttpRequestHandler {
@Override
protected String getContent() {
return "This content is transmitted via SPDY\r\n";
}
}
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandler;
import io.netty.handler.codec.spdy.SpdyOrHttpChooser;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;
import org.eclipse.jetty.npn.NextProtoNego;
public class DefaultSpdyOrHttpChooser extends SpdyOrHttpChooser {
protected DefaultSpdyOrHttpChooser(int maxSpdyContentLength, int maxHttpContentLength) {
super(maxSpdyContentLength, maxHttpContentLength);
}
@Override
protected SelectedProtocol getProtocol(SSLEngine engine) {
DefaultServerProvider provider = (DefaultServerProvider) NextProtoNego
.get(engine);
String protocol = provider.getSelectedProtocol();
if (protocol == null) {
return SelectedProtocol.UNKNOWN;
}
switch (protocol) {
case "spdy/3.1":
return SelectedProtocol.SPDY_3_1;
case "http/1.0":
case "http/1.1":
return SelectedProtocol.HTTP_1_1;
default:
return SelectedProtocol.UNKNOWN;
}
}
@Override
protected ChannelInboundHandler createHttpRequestHandlerForHttp() {
return new HttpRequestHandler();
}
@Override
protected ChannelInboundHandler createHttpRequestHandlerForSpdy() {
return new SpdyRequestHandler();
}
}
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import io.netty.channel.Channel;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;
import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;
import org.eclipse.jetty.npn.NextProtoNego;
public class SpdyChannelInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {
private final SSLContext context;
public SpdyChannelInitializer(SSLContext context) {
this.context = context;
}
@Override
protected void initChannel(Channel ch) throws Exception {
ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();
SSLEngine engine = context.createSSLEngine();
engine.setUseClientMode(false);
NextProtoNego.put(engine, new DefaultServerProvider());
NextProtoNego.debug = true;
pipeline.addLast("sslHandler", new SslHandler(engine));
pipeline.addLast("chooser",
new DefaultSpdyOrHttpChooser(1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024));
}
}
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.channel.Channel;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;
import io.netty.example.securechat.SecureChatSslContextFactory;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
public class SpdyServer {
private final NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
private final SSLContext context;
private Channel channel;
public SpdyServer(SSLContext context) {
this.context = context;
}
public ChannelFuture start(InetSocketAddress address) {
ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();
bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
.childHandler(new SpdyChannelInitializer(context));
ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.bind(address);
future.syncUninterruptibly();
channel = future.channel();
return future;
}
public void destroy() {
if (channel != null) {
channel.close();
}
group.shutdownGracefully();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SSLContext context = SecureChatSslContextFactory.getServerContext();
final SpdyServer endpoint = new SpdyServer(context);
ChannelFuture future = endpoint.start(new InetSocketAddress(4096));
Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {
@Override
public void run() {
endpoint.destroy();
}
});
future.channel().closeFuture().syncUninterruptibly();
}
}
使用SSL需要使用到SSLContext，下面代买是获取SSLContext对象：
/*
* Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
*
* The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
* version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import javax.net.ssl.ManagerFactoryParameters;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactorySpi;
import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
/**
* Bogus {@link TrustManagerFactorySpi} which accepts any certificate
* even if it is invalid.
*/
public class SecureChatTrustManagerFactory extends TrustManagerFactorySpi {
private static final TrustManager DUMMY_TRUST_MANAGER = new X509TrustManager() {
@Override
public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
return new X509Certificate[0];
}
@Override
public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
// Always trust - it is an example.
// You should do something in the real world.
// You will reach here only if you enabled client certificate auth,
// as described in SecureChatSslContextFactory.
System.err.println(
"UNKNOWN CLIENT CERTIFICATE: " + chain[0].getSubjectDN());
}
@Override
public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) {
// Always trust - it is an example.
// You should do something in the real world.
System.err.println(
"UNKNOWN SERVER CERTIFICATE: " + chain[0].getSubjectDN());
}
};
public static TrustManager[] getTrustManagers() {
return new TrustManager[] { DUMMY_TRUST_MANAGER };
}
@Override
protected TrustManager[] engineGetTrustManagers() {
return getTrustManagers();
}
@Override
protected void engineInit(KeyStore keystore) throws KeyStoreException {
// Unused
}
@Override
protected void engineInit(ManagerFactoryParameters managerFactoryParameters)
throws InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {
// Unused
}
}
/*
* Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
*
* The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
* version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
/**
* A bogus key store which provides all the required information to
* create an example SSL connection.
*
* To generate a bogus key store:
* <pre>
* keytool -genkey -alias securechat -keysize 2048 -validity 36500
* -keyalg RSA -dname "CN=securechat"
* -keypass secret -storepass secret
* -keystore cert.jks
* </pre>
*/
public final class SecureChatKeyStore {
private static final short[] DATA = {
0xfe, 0xed, 0xfe, 0xed, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
0x00, 0x07, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c,
0x65, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x1a, 0x9f, 0x57, 0xa5,
0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x9a, 0x30, 0x82, 0x01,
0x96, 0x30, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x0a, 0x2b, 0x06, 0x01,
0x04, 0x01, 0x2a, 0x02, 0x11, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05,
0x00, 0x04, 0x82, 0x01, 0x82, 0x48, 0x6d, 0xcf,
0x16, 0xb5, 0x50, 0x95, 0x36, 0xbf, 0x47, 0x27,
0x50, 0x58, 0x0d, 0xa2, 0x52, 0x7e, 0x25, 0xab,
0x14, 0x1a, 0x26, 0x5e, 0x2d, 0x8a, 0x23, 0x90,
0x60, 0x7f, 0x12, 0x20, 0x56, 0xd1, 0x43, 0xa2,
0x6b, 0x47, 0x5d, 0xed, 0x9d, 0xd4, 0xe5, 0x83,
0x28, 0x89, 0xc2, 0x16, 0x4c, 0x76, 0x06, 0xad,
0x8e, 0x8c, 0x29, 0x1a, 0x9b, 0x0f, 0xdd, 0x60,
0x4b, 0xb4, 0x62, 0x82, 0x9e, 0x4a, 0x63, 0x83,
0x2e, 0xd2, 0x43, 0x78, 0xc2, 0x32, 0x1f, 0x60,
0xa9, 0x8a, 0x7f, 0x0f, 0x7c, 0xa6, 0x1d, 0xe6,
0x92, 0x9e, 0x52, 0xc7, 0x7d, 0xbb, 0x35, 0x3b,
0xaa, 0x89, 0x73, 0x4c, 0xfb, 0x99, 0x54, 0x97,
0x99, 0x28, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x5b, 0xf7, 0x9b, 0x7e,
0x6d, 0x8a, 0x2f, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0x1e, 0x71, 0xb9,
0xbd, 0x8f, 0xc5, 0x63, 0x25, 0x31, 0x20, 0x02,
0xff, 0x02, 0xf0, 0xc9, 0x2c, 0xdd, 0x3a, 0x10,
0x30, 0xab, 0xe5, 0xad, 0x3d, 0x1a, 0x82, 0x77,
0x46, 0xed, 0x03, 0x38, 0xa4, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x36,
0x36, 0x33, 0x70, 0xb2, 0x63, 0x20, 0xca, 0x03,
0xbf, 0x5a, 0xf4, 0x7c, 0x35, 0xf0, 0x63, 0x1a,
0x12, 0x33, 0x12, 0x58, 0xd9, 0xa2, 0x63, 0x6b,
0x63, 0x82, 0x41, 0x65, 0x70, 0x37, 0x4b, 0x99,
0x04, 0x9f, 0xdd, 0x5e, 0x07, 0x01, 0x95, 0x9f,
0x36, 0xe8, 0xc3, 0x66, 0x2a, 0x21, 0x69, 0x68,
0x40, 0xe6, 0xbc, 0xbb, 0x85, 0x81, 0x21, 0x13,
0xe6, 0xa4, 0xcf, 0xd3, 0x67, 0xe3, 0xfd, 0x75,
0xf0, 0xdf, 0x83, 0xe0, 0xc5, 0x36, 0x09, 0xac,
0x1b, 0xd4, 0xf7, 0x2a, 0x23, 0x57, 0x1c, 0x5c,
0x0f, 0xf4, 0xcf, 0xa2, 0xcf, 0xf5, 0xbd, 0x9c,
0x69, 0x98, 0x78, 0x3a, 0x25, 0xe4, 0xfd, 0x85,
0x11, 0xcc, 0x7d, 0xef, 0xeb, 0x74, 0x60, 0xb1,
0xb7, 0xfb, 0x1f, 0x0e, 0x62, 0xff, 0xfe, 0x09,
0x0a, 0xc3, 0x80, 0x2f, 0x10, 0x49, 0x89, 0x78,
0xd2, 0x08, 0xfa, 0x89, 0x22, 0x45, 0x91, 0x21,
0xbc, 0x90, 0x3e, 0xad, 0xb3, 0x0a, 0xb4, 0x0e,
0x1c, 0xa1, 0x93, 0x92, 0xd8, 0x72, 0x07, 0x54,
0x60, 0xe7, 0x91, 0xfc, 0xd9, 0x3c, 0xe1, 0x6f,
0x08, 0xe4, 0x56, 0xf6, 0x0b, 0xb0, 0x3c, 0x39,
0x8a, 0x2d, 0x48, 0x44, 0x28, 0x13, 0xca, 0xe9,
0xf7, 0xa3, 0xb6, 0x8a, 0x5f, 0x31, 0xa9, 0x72,
0xf2, 0xde, 0x96, 0xf2, 0xb1, 0x53, 0xb1, 0x3e,
0x24, 0x57, 0xfd, 0x18, 0x45, 0x1f, 0xc5, 0x33,
0x1b, 0xa4, 0xe8, 0x21, 0xfa, 0x0e, 0xb2, 0xb9,
0xcb, 0xc7, 0x07, 0x41, 0xdd, 0x2f, 0xb6, 0x6a,
0x23, 0x18, 0xed, 0xc1, 0xef, 0xe2, 0x4b, 0xec,
0xc9, 0xba, 0xfb, 0x46, 0x43, 0x90, 0xd7, 0xb5,
0x68, 0x28, 0x31, 0x2b, 0x8d, 0xa8, 0x51, 0x63,
0xf7, 0x53, 0x99, 0x19, 0x68, 0x85, 0x66, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x05, 0x58, 0x2e, 0x35,
0x30, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x3a, 0x30, 0x82,
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0xd6, 0x9a, 0x6d, 0xb9, 0x8e, 0x15, 0x51 };
public static InputStream asInputStream() {
byte[] data = new byte[DATA.length];
for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i ++) {
data[i] = (byte) DATA[i];
}
return new ByteArrayInputStream(data);
}
public static char[] getCertificatePassword() {
return "secret".toCharArray();
}
public static char[] getKeyStorePassword() {
return "secret".toCharArray();
}
private SecureChatKeyStore() {
// Unused
}
}
/*
* Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
*
* The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
* version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package netty.in.action.spdy;
import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler;
import io.netty.util.internal.SystemPropertyUtil;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManager;
import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
/**
* Creates a bogus {@link SSLContext}. A client-side context created by this
* factory accepts any certificate even if it is invalid. A server-side context
* created by this factory sends a bogus certificate defined in {@link SecureChatKeyStore}.
* <p>
* You will have to create your context differently in a real world application.
*
* <h3>Client Certificate Authentication</h3>
*
* To enable client certificate authentication:
* <ul>
* <li>Enable client authentication on the server side by calling
* {@link SSLEngine#setNeedClientAuth(boolean)} before creating
* {@link SslHandler}.</li>
* <li>When initializing an {@link SSLContext} on the client side,
* specify the {@link KeyManager} that contains the client certificate as
* the first argument of {@link SSLContext#init(KeyManager[], TrustManager[], SecureRandom)}.</li>
* <li>When initializing an {@link SSLContext} on the server side,
* specify the proper {@link TrustManager} as the second argument of
* {@link SSLContext#init(KeyManager[], TrustManager[], SecureRandom)}
* to validate the client certificate.</li>
* </ul>
*/
public final class SecureChatSslContextFactory {
private static final String PROTOCOL = "TLS";
private static final SSLContext SERVER_CONTEXT;
private static final SSLContext CLIENT_CONTEXT;
static {
String algorithm = SystemPropertyUtil.get("ssl.KeyManagerFactory.algorithm");
if (algorithm == null) {
algorithm = "SunX509";
}
SSLContext serverContext;
SSLContext clientContext;
try {
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
ks.load(SecureChatKeyStore.asInputStream(),
SecureChatKeyStore.getKeyStorePassword());
// Set up key manager factory to use our key store
KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(algorithm);
kmf.init(ks, SecureChatKeyStore.getCertificatePassword());
// Initialize the SSLContext to work with our key managers.
serverContext = SSLContext.getInstance(PROTOCOL);
serverContext.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), null, null);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new Error(
"Failed to initialize the server-side SSLContext", e);
}
try {
clientContext = SSLContext.getInstance(PROTOCOL);
clientContext.init(null, SecureChatTrustManagerFactory.getTrustManagers(), null);
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new Error(
"Failed to initialize the client-side SSLContext", e);
}
SERVER_CONTEXT = serverContext;
CLIENT_CONTEXT = clientContext;
}
public static SSLContext getServerContext() {
return SERVER_CONTEXT;
}
public static SSLContext getClientContext() {
return CLIENT_CONTEXT;
}
private SecureChatSslContextFactory() {
// Unused
}
}
12.4 Summary
这一章没有详细的按照netty in action书中来翻译，因为我感觉书中讲的很多都不是netty的重点，鄙人英文能实在有限，所以也就把精力不放在非核心上面了。若有读者需要详细在netty中使用spdy可以查看其它相关资料或文章，或者看本篇博文的例子代码。后面几章也会如此。
