Linux 服务管理
1 服务管理命令 ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
ctl大礼包
hostnamectl 修改和查看主机名
systemctl 服务管理
timedatectl 查看和修改时间(时区)
localectl 查看和修改语言,字符集
1.1 systemctl
- 一般来说rpm/deb,yum/apt安装的服务,这些服务默认通过systemctl管理.
- 二进制安装,编译安装默认无法通过systemctl管理服务.
- 服务开关重启,查看状态
- 服务开机自启动设置
点击查看代码
# 1.查看crond服务状态(是否运行,是否开机自启动)
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~systemctl status crond
* crond.service - Command Scheduler
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/crond.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Wed 2024-09-04 11:52:02 CST; 7h ago
Main PID: 877 (crond)
Tasks: 1
Memory: 7.9M
CGroup: /system.slice/crond.service
`-877 /usr/sbin/crond -n
Sep 04 11:52:02 Kylin-V10-sp3 crond[877]: (CRON) INFO (RANDOM_DELAY will be scaled with factor 94% if used.)
Sep 04 11:52:02 Kylin-V10-sp3 crond[877]: (CRON) INFO (running with inotify support)
Sep 04 12:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[1225]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Sep 04 13:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[1410]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Sep 04 14:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[1598]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Sep 04 15:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[1782]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Sep 04 16:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[2049]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Sep 04 17:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[2723]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Sep 04 18:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[2994]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
Sep 04 19:01:01 Kylin-V10-sp3 CROND[3178]: (root) CMD (run-parts /etc/cron.hourly)
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# sysyemctl is-enabled crond
-bash: sysyemctl: command not found
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl is-enabled crond
enabled
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
# 2.开启crond服务 设置crond服务开机自启动
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl start crond
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl enable crond
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
# 3.关闭防火墙firewalld,ufw(ubt系统)
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl is-active firewalld
inactive
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl is-enabled firewalld
enabled
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
[root@ubuntu2204 ~]# systemctl stop ufw
[root@ubuntu2204 ~]#
[root@ubuntu2204 ~]# systemctl is-active ufw
inactive
[root@ubuntu2204 ~]# systemctl is-enabled ufw
disabled
[root@ubuntu2204 ~]#
'''
Linux常用系统开机自启基础服务
crond 定时任务
sshd 远程连接服务
rsyslog 日志服务
'''
1.2 timedatectl
查看时间(时区),修改时间(时区).
点击查看代码
# 未来时间,日期的修改通过date/ntpdate
# 1.查看时间与时区(Kylin和Ubuntu以以一样)
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Wed 2024-09-04 19:45:27 CST
Universal time: Wed 2024-09-04 11:45:27 UTC
RTC time: Wed 2024-09-04 11:45:27
Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
System clock synchronized: yes
NTP service: active
RTC in local TZ: no
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
# 2.修改时区为上海(Kylin和Ubuntu以以一样)
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# timedatectl
list-timezones revert set-ntp set-timezone show-timesync timesync-status
ntp-servers set-local-rtc set-time show status
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
1.3 localectl语言,字符集
点击查看代码
# 1 查看当前系统的语言和字符集
System Locale: LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
VC Keymap: cn
X11 Layout: cn
# LANG==LANGUAGE 语言
zh_CN 中文
en_US 英文
UTF-8 字符集
# 字符集: 字母符号,文字在计算机中表示方法.
常用字符集:
UTF-8 通用.
GBK 国标
# 2 修改字符集
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# localectl set-locale LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
# 3 脚本中临时修改语言为英文 ⭐ ⭐ ⭐ ⭐ ⭐
# 书写脚本的时候,统一改为英文,方便进行过滤与操作.
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# export LANG=en_US.utf-8
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
1.4 ctl系列小结
ctl命令大礼包
hostnamectl # 主机名,内核版本
systemctl # 服务管理,开,关,重启,查看状态
timedatectl # 时区.
localectl # 修改语言,字符集. 一般用export LANG临时修改.
networkctl # ubt修改网卡后配置 networkctl reload
点击查看代码
# 开启
systemctl start xxx
systemctl enable xxx # 开机自启动
systemctl enalbe --now xxxx # 开机自启动立马生效
# 关闭
systemctl stop xxx
systemctl disable xxx # 关闭自启动
systemctl disable --now xxx # 关闭自启动立马生效
# 查看:
systemctl status xxx
# 重启服务
systemctl restart xxx
# 更加精简的查看(脚本用的多)
systemctl is-active xxx # 是否正在运行
systemctl is-enabled xxx # 是否开机自启动
# 查看系统所有服务 systemctl list-unit-files 或list-units
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files
UNIT FILE STATE
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static
-.mount generated
backup.mount generated
boot.mount generated
dev-hugepages.mount static
dev-mqueue.mount static
tmp.mount disabled
var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount static
ostree-finalize-staged.path disabled
systemd-ask-password-console.path static
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl list-units
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Poin
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:07.1-ata2-host1-target1:0:0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged VMware_Virtual_IDE_CDROM_Drive Kylin-Server-10
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:10.0-host2-target2:0:0-2:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged VMware_Virtual_S 1
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:10.0-host2-target2:0:0-2:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged VMware_Virtual_S 2
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:10.0-host2-target2:0:0-2:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded active plugged VMware_Virtual_S
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:11.0-0000:02:01.0-net-ens33.device loaded active plugged 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (PRO/1000 MT Si
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:11.0-0000:02:02.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged ES1371/ES1373 / Creative Labs CT2518 (Audio PCI 64V/128/5200
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS10.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS10
2 Linux运行级别
运行级别runlevel,Linux系统的不同的状态，分别为关机、重启、命令行/多人默认、图形化界面/桌面模式
点击查看代码
# 运行级别 说明
0 # 关机 poweroff
1 # 单用户/救援模式 secure,没有网络.
2 # 多用户模式,命令行模式,文本模式,multi-user
3 # 多用户模式,命令行模式,文本模式,multi-user
4 # 多用户模式,命令行模式,文本模式,multi-user
5 # 图形界面,X11,桌面模式,graphical,vnc连接或本地连接.
6 # 重启 reboot
# 查看运行级别
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target
[root@Kylin-V10-sp3 ~]#
[root@ubuntu2204 /etc/netplan]# systemctl get-default
graphical.target
[root@ubuntu2204 /etc/netplan]#
# 修改运行级别 不一定生效，比如多用户模式改为图形界面，图形界面未安装
[root@ubuntu2204 /etc/netplan]# systemctl set-default multi-user.target
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target → /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.
[root@ubuntu2204 /etc/netplan]#
#了解下面命令即可. init配合runlevel
init 0
init 6
3 Linux启动流程
https://www.processon.com/view/link/617a1ee21e0853741504c0f4
| Linux启动流程 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 开机自检 | 检查硬件是否有问题. |
| 加载引导程序 | 检查硬件是否有问题. |
| GRUB菜单 | 选择内核 救援模式 |
| 加载内核 | /boot/目录,加载内核相关镜像 |
| 启动第1个进程systemd | 启动进程 |
| 读取运行级别 | 读取运行级别,然后准备启动对应的服务 |
| 进行系统初始化 | 设置主机名,ip地址等等信息 |
| 启动服务 | 启动各种开机自启动的服务. |
| 启动完成显示登录页面 | 运行login程序 |
