mysql基础操作文档
1.1什么是数据库
数据库:保存数据的仓库。它体现我们电脑中,就是一个文件系统。然后把数据都保存这些特殊的文件中,并且需要使用固定的语言(SQL语言)去操作文件中的数据。
技术定义:
数据库(Database)是按照
1.2数据库介绍
我们开发应用程序的时候,程序中的所有数据,最后都需要保存到专业软件中。这些专业的保存数据的软件我们称为数据库。
我们学习数据库,并不是学习如何去开发一个数据库软件,我们学习的是如何使用数据库以及数据库中的数据记录的操作。而数据库软件是由第三方公司研发。
1.3数据库的分类
关系型、非关系型的数据库
Oracle:它是Oracle公司的大型关系型数据库,它是收费的。
DB2:IBM公司的数据库,它是收费的。
SqlServer:微软数据库。收费
Sybase:Sybase公司的。 工具PowerDesign 数据库建模工具。
MySql:早期瑞典一个公司发明,后期被sun公司收购,后期被Oracle。
Java开发应用程序主要使用的数据库:
MySQL(5.5)、Oracle、DB2。
1.4什么是关系型数据库
在开发软件的时候,软件中的数据之间必然会有一定的关系存在,需要把这些数据保存在数据库中,同时也要维护数据之间的关系,这时就可以直接使用上述的那些数据库。而上述的所有数据库都属于关系型数据库。
描述数据之间的关系,并保存在数据库中,同时学习如果根据这些关系查询数据库中的数据,
关系型数据:设计数据库的时候,需要使用E-R图来描述。实体关系
E-R:实体关系图。
实体:可以理解成我们Java程序中的一个对象。在E-R图中使用 矩形(长方形) 表示。
针对一个实体中的属性,我们称为这个实体的数据,在E-R图中使用 椭圆表示。
实体和实体之间的关系:在E-R图中使用菱形表示。
2、mysql在linux-安装篇
##2.1、vmware中安装linux注意事项
###2.1.1、记得关闭防火墙
service iptables stop
chkconfig iptables off(关闭开机自启:所谓的永久关闭防火墙)
###2.1.2、创建统一的管理目录
mkdir -p /exprot/software
mkdir -p /export/servers
2.1.3软件环境
VMware、crt、centos6.9
2.1.4安装环境
1、VMware软件安装
2、构建虚拟机
3、需要配置Linux(ip,mac地址,hostname,防火墙),就可以通过crt这个客户端连接进行操作
4、在linux操作系统进行安装msyql-5.6
说明:因为在linux操作系统中,安装软件的方式主要有3种:1、源码安装(redis)2、rpm安装
3、yum在线安装(安装MySQL为例)---linux联网()
2.2、centos6.9安装mysql
###2.2.1、检查是否有自带的mysql
[root@hadoop-01 servers]# rpm -qa |grep mysql
mysql-libs-5.1.73-8.el6_8.x86_64
###2.2.2、卸载自带的mysql
[root@hadoop-01 servers]# rpm -e --nodeps mysql-libs-5.1.73-8.el6_8.x86_64
[root@hadoop-01 servers]#
###2.2.3、下载mysql安装包
###2.2.4、上传安装包到linux服务器
rz 上传文件到指定的目录(yum install lrzsz)
/export/software/mysql
###2.2.5、安装
rpm -ivh *.rpm
2.2.6、查看初始化密码
A RANDOM PASSWORD HAS BEEN SET FOR THE MySQL root USER !
You will find that password in '/root/.mysql_secret'.
[root@mysql ~]# cat /root/.mysql_secret
# The random password set for the root user at Wed Aug 8 22:19:00 2018 (local time): xQkcU3kbyuZby1_V
[root@mysql ~]#
###2.2.7、启动mysql并登录
#启动mysql
service mysql start
#登录mysql
mysql -uroot -p
(粘贴密码:xQkcU3kbyuZby1_V)
###2.2.8、修改密码
set PASSWORD=PASSWORD('123456');
###2.2.9、退出mysql客户端
mysql>quit
###2.2.10、用新密码进行登录
mysql -uroot -p
123456(新密码)
###2.2.11、远程授权
grant all privileges on *.* to 'root' @'%' identified by '123456';
flush privileges;
###2.2.12、验证远程授权是否成功
通过windows的mysql客户端工具连接,是否能连接上,能连接上就授权成功,没有连接上,说明没有授权成功!
3、mysql-基础操作篇
3.1、登录mysql
mysql -uroot -p
123456
3.2、退出mysql
mysql>quit
3.3、输入查询
-
查看当前mysql的版本号及当前时间
SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
+-----------+--------------+
| VERSION() | CURRENT_DATE |
+-----------+--------------+
| 5.6.25 | 2018-08-08 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.32 sec) -
mysql中sql语句不区分大小写
mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
mysql> select version(), current_date;
mysql> SeLeCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
+-----------+--------------+
| VERSION() | CURRENT_DATE |
+-----------+--------------+
| 5.6.25 | 2018-08-08 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select version(), current_date;
+-----------+--------------+
| version() | current_date |
+-----------+--------------+
| 5.6.25 | 2018-08-08 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SeLeCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;
+-----------+--------------+
| vErSiOn() | current_DATE |
+-----------+--------------+
| 5.6.25 | 2018-08-08 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
-
可以进行简单的计算(如下所示)
mysql>SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;
mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;
+--------------------+---------+
| SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5 |
+--------------------+---------+
| 0.7071067811865475 | 25 |
+--------------------+---------+
1 row in set (0.34 sec)
-
多条语句比较短,可以写在一行
mysql>SELECT VERSION(); SELECT NOW();
mysql> SELECT VERSION(); SELECT NOW();
+-----------+
| VERSION() |
+-----------+
| 5.6.25 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2018-08-08 23:11:11 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) -
多个字段之间可以用逗号分隔,多行组成一条语句结束以分号结束
mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> ,
-> CURRENT_DATE;
+---------------+--------------+
| USER() | CURRENT_DATE |
+---------------+--------------+
| jon@localhost | 2010-08-06 |
+---------------+--------------+ -
sql语句写了一半,又不想执行可以在语句末尾加上'\c'
mysql> select
-> user()
-> \c
mysql>
##3.4、创建和使用数据库
-
查看当前有哪些数据库
mysql>show databases;
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.07 sec)
-
创建数据库
mysql> CREATE DATABASE menagerie;
-
使用及切换数据库
mysql> USE menagerie
Database changed
3.5、创建表及使用
-
查看当前数据库有哪些表
mysql>show tables;
-
创建一个表
mysql> CREATE TABLE pet (name VARCHAR(20), owner VARCHAR(20),
-> species VARCHAR(20), sex CHAR(1), birth DATE, death DATE);
-
校验创建表语句是否和执行的一致
mysql>show create table pet;
+-------+--------------------------------
| Table | Create Table
+-------+--------------------------------
| pet | CREATE TABLE `pet` (
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`owner` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`species` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`sex` char(1) DEFAULT NULL,
`birth` date DEFAULT NULL,
`death` date DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+--------------------------------
-
查看表详情
mysql> desc pet;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| owner | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| species | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | char(1) | YES | | NULL | |
| birth | date | YES | | NULL | |
| death | date | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
-
准备数据
Fluffy Harold cat f 1993-02-04
Claws Gwen cat m 1994-03-17
Buffy Harold dog f 1989-05-13
Fang Benny dog m 1990-08-27
Bowser Diane dog m 1979-08-31 1995-07-29
Chirpy Gwen bird f 1998-09-11
Whistler Gwen bird 1997-12-09
Slim Benny snake m 1996-04-29
3.6、表中导入数据
在表中导入数据的方式有两种
-
第一种:将以上数据整理成SQL语句,insert into pet....
-
第二种:通过加载文件的方式将数据导入到表中
1、创建一个pet.txt的文件(注:每个字段中用tab键隔开,字段没有值得记录用\N代替)
Fluffy Harold cat f 1993-02-04
Claws Gwen cat m 1994-03-17
Buffy Harold dog f 1989-05-13
Fang Benny dog m 1990-08-27
Bowser Diane dog m 1979-08-31 1995-07-29
Chirpy Gwen bird f 1998-09-11
Whistler Gwen bird \N 1997-12-09 \N
Slim Benny snake m 1996-04-292、加载数据
mysql> load data local infile '/root/data/pet.txt' into table pet;
Query OK, 8 rows affected, 6 warnings (0.06 sec)
Records: 8 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 63、校验是否加载进去
mysql> select *from pet;
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1990-08-27 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1979-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
3.7、数据检索部分
3.7.1、检索全部数据
mysql> select *from pet;
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Fluffy | Harold | cat | f | 1993-02-04 | NULL |
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
| Fang | Benny | dog | m | 1990-08-27 | NULL |
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1979-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)
3.7.2、删除表中全部数据
mysql> DELETE FROM pet;
mysql> LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE '/path/pet.txt' INTO TABLE pet;
3.7.3、更新表中特定记录的数据
-
更新表中名字为Bowser的生日
mysql> UPDATE pet SET birth = '1989-08-31' WHERE name = 'Bowser';
3.7.4、查询特定的行
-
查询名字为Bowser的记录
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = 'Bowser';
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
说明:字符串比较不区分大小写!如下所示:
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = 'Bowser';
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1979-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = 'BowsEr';
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1979-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name = 'BOWSER';
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
| Bowser | Diane | dog | m | 1979-08-31 | 1995-07-29 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.7.4.1、查找生日在1998年以后的特定查询
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE birth >= '1998-1-1';
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Puffball | Diane | hamster | f | 1999-03-30 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
3.7.4.2、多条件查询(and | or)
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = 'dog' AND sex = 'f';
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE species = 'snake' OR species = 'bird';
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Chirpy | Gwen | bird | f | 1998-09-11 | NULL |
| Whistler | Gwen | bird | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL |
| Slim | Benny | snake | m | 1996-04-29 | NULL |
+----------+-------+---------+------+------------+-------+
-
优先执行括号中的逻辑
mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE (species = 'cat' AND sex = 'm')
-> OR (species = 'dog' AND sex = 'f');
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| name | owner | species | sex | birth | death |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
| Claws | Gwen | cat | m | 1994-03-17 | NULL |
| Buffy | Harold | dog | f | 1989-05-13 | NULL |
+-------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+
3.7.5、检索特定的列
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
-
查询不重复的字段要使用关键词DISTINCT
mysql> SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM pet;
+--------+
| owner |
+--------+
| Benny |
| Diane |
| Gwen |
| Harold |
+--------+
-
可以使用组合条件查询特定的列
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet
-> WHERE species = 'dog' OR species = 'cat';
+--------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+--------+---------+------------+
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
+--------+---------+------------+
3.7.6、排序
-
根据某个字段进行排序(关键词:ORDER BY )
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth;
+----------+------------+
| name | birth |
+----------+------------+
| Buffy | 1989-05-13 |
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 |
| Fang | 1990-08-27 |
| Fluffy | 1993-02-04 |
| Claws | 1994-03-17 |
| Slim | 1996-04-29 |
| Whistler | 1997-12-09 |
| Chirpy | 1998-09-11 |
| Puffball | 1999-03-30 |
+----------+------------+
-
升降序排列(desc:降序;asc:升序)
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth desc;//降序排列
mysql> SELECT name, birth FROM pet ORDER BY birth asc ;//升序排列
-
多列排序
根据species字段升序排列,根据birth字段降序排列
注: ORDER BY species 中无asc,desc,默认为升序排列
mysql> SELECT name, species, birth FROM pet
-> ORDER BY species, birth DESC;
+----------+---------+------------+
| name | species | birth |
+----------+---------+------------+
| Chirpy | bird | 1998-09-11 |
| Whistler | bird | 1997-12-09 |
| Claws | cat | 1994-03-17 |
| Fluffy | cat | 1993-02-04 |
| Fang | dog | 1990-08-27 |
| Bowser | dog | 1989-08-31 |
| Buffy | dog | 1989-05-13 |
| Puffball | hamster | 1999-03-30 |
| Slim | snake | 1996-04-29 |
+----------+---------+------------+
3.7.7、日期计算
查看宠物多少岁,就可以使用计算日期的函数TIMESTAMPDIFF()
#查询当前的日期
mysql> select curdate() from pet;
+------------+
| curdate() |
+------------+
| 2018-08-09 |
+------------+
#获取当年的年
mysql> select YEAR('2018-02-05') AS YEARS from pet;
+-------+
| YEARS |
+-------+
| 2018 |
+-------+
#获取当年的月
mysql> select month('2018-02-05') AS YEARS from pet;
+-------+
| YEARS |
+-------+
| 2 |
+-------+
#获取当年的日
mysql> select day('2018-02-05') AS YEARS from pet;
+-------+
| YEARS |
+-------+
| 5 |
+-------+
mysql> SELECT name, birth, CURDATE(),
-> TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,CURDATE()) AS age
-> FROM pet;
3.7.8、null和not null值
对一些字段类型要进行检查,判断某些字段是否为NULL,或者 non-NULL
mysql> SELECT name, birth, death,
-> TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR,birth,death) AS age
-> FROM pet WHERE death IS NOT NULL ORDER BY age;
+--------+------------+------------+------+
| name | birth | death | age |
+--------+------------+------------+------+
| Bowser | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | 5 |
+--------+------------+------------+------+
4、实例
以下是如何解决MySQL的一些常见问题的示例。
首先创建一个表,并且导入数据
CREATE TABLE shop (
article INT(4) UNSIGNED ZEROFILL DEFAULT '0000' NOT NULL,
dealer CHAR(20) DEFAULT '' NOT NULL,
price DOUBLE(16,2) DEFAULT '0.00' NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(article, dealer));
INSERT INTO shop VALUES
(1,'A',3.45),(1,'B',3.99),(2,'A',10.99),(3,'B',1.45),
(3,'C',1.69),(3,'D',1.25),(4,'D',19.95);
1、检索表中的全部数据
select * from shop;
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0001 | A | 3.45 |
| 0001 | B | 3.99 |
| 0002 | A | 10.99 |
| 0003 | B | 1.45 |
| 0003 | C | 1.69 |
| 0003 | D | 1.25 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
2、求某一列的最大值或者 最小值
SELECT MAX(article) AS article FROM shop;
+---------+
| article |
+---------+
| 4 |
+---------+
//求某一列的最小值
select min(price) as article from shop;
+---------+
| article |
+---------+
| 1.25 |
+---------+
3.1、过滤出某个字段值最大的整条记录数据-涉及到子查询
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop
WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(price) FROM shop);
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+
3.2、也可以通过关联查询来进行检索
SELECT s1.article, s1.dealer, s1.price
FROM shop s1
LEFT JOIN shop s2 ON s1.price < s2.price
WHERE s2.article IS NULL;
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop
ORDER BY price DESC
LIMIT 1;
4、求出每一列的最大值,并且根据某一个字段进行分组--分组topn求法
SELECT article, MAX(price) AS price
FROM shop
GROUP BY article;
+---------+-------+
| article | price |
+---------+-------+
| 0001 | 3.99 |
| 0002 | 10.99 |
| 0003 | 1.69 |
| 0004 | 19.95 |
+---------+-------+
5、
SELECT article, dealer, price
FROM shop s1
WHERE price=(SELECT MAX(s2.price)
FROM shop s2
WHERE s1.article = s2.article);
+---------+--------+-------+
| article | dealer | price |
+---------+--------+-------+
| 0001 | B | 3.99 |
| 0002 | A | 10.99 |
| 0003 | C | 1.69 |
| 0004 | D | 19.95 |
+---------+--------+-------+