(转)SQL语法详解 (让我自己不会突然一时想不起来)

            Select
            用途:
            从指定表中取出指定的列的数据
            语法:

            SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

            解释:
            从数据库中选取资料列,并允许从一或多个资料表中,选取一或多个资料列或资料行。SELECT 陈述式的完整语法相当复杂,但主要子句可摘要为:
            SELECT select_list
            [ INTO new_table ]
            FROM table_source
            [ WHERE search_condition ]
            [ GROUP BY group_by_expression ]
            [ HAVING search_condition ]
            [ ORDER BY order_expression [ ASC | DESC ] ]
            例:
            “Persons” 表中的数据有
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger

            选出字段名” LastName”、” FirstName” 的数据
            SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

            返回结果:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Hansen
            Ola
            Svendson
            Tove
            Pettersen
            Kari

            选出所有字段的数据
            SELECT * FROM Persons

            返回结果:

            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger

            Where
            用途:
            被用来规定一种选择查询的标准
            语法:
            SELECT column FROM table WHERE column condition value

            下面的操作符能被使用在WHERE中:
            =,<>,>,<,>=,<=,BETWEEN,LIKE
            注意: 在某些SQL的版本中不等号< >能被写作为!=
            解释:
            SELECT语句返回WHERE子句中条件为true的数据
            例:
            从” Persons”表中选出生活在” Sandnes” 的人
            SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Sandnes'

            Persons 表中的数据有:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Year
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            1951
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            1978
            Svendson
            Stale
            Kaivn 18
            Sandnes
            1980
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger
            1960

            返回结果:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Year
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            1951
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            1978
            Svendson
            Stale
            Kaivn 18
            Sandnes
            1980

            And & Or
            用途:
            在WHERE子句中AND和OR被用来连接两个或者更多的条件
            解释:
            AND在结合两个布尔表达式时,只有在两个表达式都为 TRUE 时才传回 TRUE
            OR在结合两个布尔表达式时,只要其中一个条件为 TRUE 时,OR便传回 TRUE
            例:
            Persons 表中的原始数据:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            Svendson
            Stephen
            Kaivn 18
            Sandnes

            用AND运算子来查找Persons 表中FirstName为”Tove”而且LastName为” Svendson”的数据
            SELECT * FROM Persons
            WHERE FirstName='Tove'
            AND LastName='Svendson'

            返回结果:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes

            用OR运算子来查找Persons 表中FirstName为”Tove”或者LastName为” Svendson”的数据
            SELECT * FROM Persons
            WHERE firstname='Tove'
            OR lastname='Svendson'

            返回结果:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            Svendson
            Stephen
            Kaivn 18
            Sandnes

            你也能结合AND和OR (使用括号形成复杂的表达式),如:
            SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
            (FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Stephen')
            AND LastName='Svendson'

            返回结果:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            Svendson
            Stephen
            Kaivn 18
            Sandnes

            Between…And
            用途:
            指定需返回数据的范围
            语法:
            SELECT column_name FROM table_name
            WHERE column_name
            BETWEEN &#118;alue1 AND &#118;alue2

            例:
            “Persons”表中的原始数据
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            Nordmann
            Anna
            Neset 18
            Sandnes
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes

            用BETWEEN…AND返回LastName为从”Hansen”到”Pettersen”的数据:
            SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
            BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'

            返回结果:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            Nordmann
            Anna
            Neset 18
            Sandnes
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger

            为了显示指定范围之外的数据,也可以用NOT操作符:
            SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName
            NOT BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'

            返回结果:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes

            Distinct
            用途:
            DISTINCT关键字被用作返回唯一的值
            语法:
            SELECT DISTINCT column-name(s) FROM table-name

            解释:
            当column-name(s)中存在重复的值时,返回结果仅留下一个
            例:
            “Orders”表中的原始数据
            Company
            OrderNumber
            Sega
            3412
            W3Schools
            2312
            Trio
            4678
            W3Schools
            6798

            用DISTINCT关键字返回Company字段中唯一的值:
            SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders

            返回结果:
            Company
            Sega
            W3Schools
            Trio

            Order by
            用途:
            指定结果集的排序
            语法:
            SELECT column-name(s) FROM table-name ORDER BY { order_by_expression
            [ ASC | DESC ] }

            解释:
            指定结果集的排序,可以按照ASC(递增方式排序,从最低值到最高值)或者DESC(递减方式排序,从最高值到最低值)的方式进行排序,默认的方式是ASC
            例:
            “Orders”表中的原始数据:
            Company
            OrderNumber
            Sega
            3412
            ABC Shop
            5678
            W3Schools
            2312
            W3Schools
            6798

            按照Company字段的升序方式返回结果集:
            SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
            ORDER BY Company

            返回结果:
            Company
            OrderNumber
            ABC Shop
            5678
            Sega
            3412
            W3Schools
            6798
            W3Schools
            2312

            按照Company字段的降序方式返回结果集:
            SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders
            ORDER BY Company DESC

            返回结果:
            Company
            OrderNumber
            W3Schools
            6798
            W3Schools
            2312
            Sega
            3412
            ABC Shop
            5678

            Group by
            用途:
            对结果集进行分组,常与汇总函数一起使用。
            语法:
            SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table GROUP BY column

            例:
            “Sales”表中的原始数据:
            Company
            Amount
            W3Schools
            5500
            IBM
            4500
            W3Schools
            7100

            按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计:
            SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
            GROUP BY Company

            返回结果:
            Company
            SUM(Amount)
            W3Schools
            12600
            IBM
            4500

            Having
            用途:
            指定群组或汇总的搜寻条件。
            语法:
            SELECT column,SUM(column) FROM table
            GROUP BY column
            HAVING SUM(column) condition &#118;alue

            解释:
            HAVING 通常与 GROUP BY 子句同时使用。不使用 GROUP BY 时,HAVING 则与 WHERE 子句功能相似。
            例:
            “Sales”表中的原始数据:
            Company
            Amount
            W3Schools
            5500
            IBM
            4500
            W3Schools
            7100

            按照Company字段进行分组,求出每个Company的Amout的合计在10000以上的数据:
            SELECT Company,SUM(Amount) FROM Sales
            GROUP BY Company HAVING SUM(Amount)>10000

            返回结果:
            Company
            SUM(Amount)
            W3Schools
            12600

            Join
            用途:
            当你要从两个或者以上的表中选取结果集时,你就会用到JOIN。
            例:
            “Employees”表中的数据如下,(其中ID为主键):
            ID
            Name
            01
            Hansen, Ola
            02
            Svendson, Tove
            03
            Svendson, Stephen
            04
            Pettersen, Kari

            “Orders”表中的数据如下:
            ID
            Product
            01
            Printer
            03
            Table
            03
            Chair

            用Employees的ID和Orders的ID相关联选取数据:
            SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
            FROM Employees, Orders
            WHERE Employees.ID = Orders.ID

            返回结果:
            Name
            Product
            Hansen, Ola
            Printer
            Svendson, Stephen
            Table
            Svendson, Stephen
            Chair

            或者你也可以用JOIN关键字来完成上面的操作:
            SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
            FROM Employees
            INNER JOIN Orders
            ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID

            INNER JOIN的语法:
            SELECT field1, field2, field3
            FROM first_table
            INNER JOIN second_table
            ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

            解释:
            INNER JOIN返回的结果集是两个表中所有相匹配的数据。

            LEFT JOIN的语法:
            SELECT field1, field2, field3
            FROM first_table
            LEFT JOIN second_table
            ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

            用”Employees”表去左外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
            SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
            FROM Employees
            LEFT JOIN Orders
            ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID

            返回结果:
            Name
            Product
            Hansen, Ola
            Printer
            Svendson, Tove

            Svendson, Stephen
            Table
            Svendson, Stephen
            Chair
            Pettersen, Kari

            解释:
            LEFT JOIN返回”first_table”中所有的行尽管在” second_table”中没有相匹配的数据。

            RIGHT JOIN的语法:
            SELECT field1, field2, field3
            FROM first_table
            RIGHT JOIN second_table
            ON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

            用”Employees”表去右外联结”Orders”表去找出相关数据:
            SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.Product
            FROM Employees
            RIGHT JOIN Orders
            ON Employees.ID = Orders.ID

            返回结果:
            Name
            Product
            Hansen, Ola
            Printer
            Svendson, Stephen
            Table
            Svendson, Stephen
            Chair

            解释:
            RIGHT JOIN返回” second_table”中所有的行尽管在”first_table”中没有相匹配的数据。

            Alias
            用途:
            可用在表、结果集或者列上,为它们取一个逻辑名称
            语法:
            给列取别名:
            SELECT column AS column_alias FROM table

            给表取别名:
            SELECT column FROM table AS table_alias

            例:
            “Persons”表中的原始数据:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Hansen
            Ola
            Timoteivn 10
            Sandnes
            Svendson
            Tove
            Borgvn 23
            Sandnes
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger

            运行下面的SQL:
            SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS Name
            FROM Persons

            返回结果:
            Family
            Name
            Hansen
            Ola
            Svendson
            Tove
            Pettersen
            Kari

            运行下面的SQL:
            SELECT LastName, FirstName
            FROM Persons AS Employees

            返回结果:
            Employees中的数据有:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Hansen
            Ola
            Svendson
            Tove
            Pettersen
            Kari

            Insert Into
            用途:
            在表中插入新行
            语法:
            插入一行数据
            INSERT INTO table_name
            &#118;alueS (&#118;alue1, &#118;alue2,....)

            插入一行数据在指定的字段上
            INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)
            &#118;alueS (&#118;alue1, &#118;alue2,....)

            例:
            “Persons”表中的原始数据:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger

            运行下面的SQL插入一行数据:
            INSERT INTO Persons
            &#118;alueS ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')

            插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger
            Hetland
            Camilla
            Hagabakka 24
            Sandnes

            运行下面的SQL插入一行数据在指定的字段上:
            INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address)
            &#118;alueS ('Rasmussen', 'Storgt 67')

            插入后”Persons”表中的数据为:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20
            Stavanger
            Hetland
            Camilla
            Hagabakka 24
            Sandnes
            Rasmussen
            Storgt 67

            Update
            用途:
            更新表中原有数据
            语法:
            UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_&#118;alue
            WHERE column_name = some_&#118;alue

            例:
            “Person”表中的原始数据:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Nilsen
            Fred
            Kirkegt 56
            Stavanger
            Rasmussen
            Storgt 67

            运行下面的SQL将Person表中LastName字段为”Rasmussen”的FirstName更新为”Nina”:
            UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina'
            WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

            更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Nilsen
            Fred
            Kirkegt 56
            Stavanger
            Rasmussen
            Nina
            Storgt 67

            同样的,用UPDATE语句也可以同时更新多个字段:
            UPDATE Person
            SET Address = 'Stien 12', City = 'Stavanger'
            WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

            更新后”Person”表中的数据为:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Nilsen
            Fred
            Kirkegt 56
            Stavanger
            Rasmussen
            Nina
            Stien 12
            Stavanger

            Delete
            用途:
            删除表中的数据
            语法:
            DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_&#118;alue

            例:
            “Person”表中的原始数据:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Nilsen
            Fred
            Kirkegt 56
            Stavanger
            Rasmussen
            Nina
            Stien 12
            Stavanger

            删除Person表中LastName为”Rasmussen”的数据:
            DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

            执行删除语句后”Person”表中的数据为:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Nilsen
            Fred
            Kirkegt 56
            Stavanger

            Create Table
            用途:
            建立新的资料表。
            语法:
            CREATE TABLE table_name
            (
            column_name1 data_type,
            column_name2 data_type,
            .......
            )

            例:
            创建一张叫“Person”的表,该表有4个字段LastName, FirstName, Address, Age:
            CREATE TABLE Person
            (
            LastName varchar,
            FirstName varchar,
            Address varchar,
            Age int
            )

            如果想指定字段的最大存储长度,你可以这样:
            CREATE TABLE Person
            (
            LastName varchar(30),
            FirstName varchar(30),
            Address varchar(120),
            Age int(3)
            )

            下表中列出了在SQL的一些数据类型:
            Data Type
            Description
            integer(size)
            int(size)
            smallint(size)
            tinyint(size)
            Hold integers only. The maximum number of digits are specified in
            parenthesis.
            decimal(size,d)
            numeric(size,d)
            Hold numbers with fractions. The maximum number of digits are
            specified in size. The maximum number of digits to the right of the
            decimal is specified in d.
            char(size)
            Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
            special characters). The fixed size is specified in parenthesis.
            varchar(size)
            Holds a variable length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
            special characters). The maximum size is specified in parenthesis.
            date(yyyymmdd)
            Holds a date

            Alter Table
            用途:
            在已经存在的表中增加后者移除字段
            语法:
            ALTER TABLE table_name
            ADD column_name datatype
            ALTER TABLE table_name
            DROP COLUMN column_name

            注意:某些数据库管理系统不允许移除表中的字段

            例:
            “Person”表中的原始数据:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20

            在Person表中增加一个名为City的字段:
            ALTER TABLE Person ADD City varchar(30)

            增加后表中数据如下:
            LastName
            FirstName
            Address
            City
            Pettersen
            Kari
            Storgt 20

            移除Person表中原有的Address字段:
            ALTER TABLE Person DROP COLUMN Address

            移除后表中数据如下:
            LastName
            FirstName
            City
            Pettersen
            Kari

            Drop Table
            用途:
            在数据库中移除一个数据表定义及该数据表中的所有资料、索引、触发程序、条件约束及权限指定。
            语法:
            DROP TABLE table_name

            Create Database
            用途:
            建立新的数据库.
            语法:
            CREATE DATABASE database_name

            Drop Database
            用途:
            移除原有的数据库
            语法:
            DROP DATABASE database_name

            聚集函数
            count
            用途:
            传回选取的结果集中行的数目。
            语法:
            SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name

            例:
            “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
            Name
            Age
            Hansen, Ola
            34
            Svendson, Tove
            45
            Pettersen, Kari
            19

            选取记录总数:
            SELECT COUNT(Name) FROM Persons

            执行结果:
            3

            sum
            用途:
            以表达式传回所有值的总和,或仅 DISTINCT 值。SUM 仅可用于数值资料行。已忽略 Null 值。
            语法:
            SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

            例:
            “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
            Name
            Age
            Hansen, Ola
            34
            Svendson, Tove
            45
            Pettersen, Kari
            19

            选取”Persons”表中所有人的年龄总和:
            SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons

            执行结果:
            98

            选取”Persons”表中年龄超过20岁的人的年龄总和:
            SELECT SUM(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age>20

            执行结果:
            79

            avg
            用途:
            传回选取的结果集中值的平均值。已忽略 Null 值。
            语法:
            SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

            例:
            “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
            Name
            Age
            Hansen, Ola
            34
            Svendson, Tove
            45
            Pettersen, Kari
            19

            选取”Persons”表中所有人的平均年龄:
            SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons

            执行结果:
            32.67

            选取”Persons”表中年龄超过20岁的人的平均年龄:
            SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Persons WHERE Age>20

            执行结果:
            39.5

            max
            用途:
            传回选取的结果集中值的最大值。已忽略 Null 值。
            语法:
            SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

            例:
            “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
            Name
            Age
            Hansen, Ola
            34
            Svendson, Tove
            45
            Pettersen, Kari
            19

            选取”Persons”表中的最大年龄:
            SELECT MAX(Age) FROM Persons

            执行结果:
            45

            min
            用途:
            传回选取的结果集中值的最小值。已忽略 Null 值。
            语法:
            SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

            例:
            “Persons”表中原始数据如下:
            Name
            Age
            Hansen, Ola
            34
            Svendson, Tove
            45
            Pettersen, Kari
            19

            选取”Persons”表中的最小年龄:
            SELECT MIN(Age) FROM Persons

            执行结果:
            19

            算术函数
            abs
            用途:
            传回指定数值表达式 (Numeric Expression) 的绝对正值。
            语法:
            ABS(numeric_expression)

            例:
            ABS(-1.0) ABS(0.0) ABS(1.0)

            执行结果:
            1.0 0.0 1.0

            ceil
            用途:
            传回大于等于给定数值表达式的最小整数。
            语法:
            CEIL(numeric_expression)

            例:
            CEIL(123.45) CEIL(-123.45)

            执行结果:
            124.00 -123.00

            floor
            用途:
            传回小于或等于给定数值表达式的最大整数。
            语法:
            FLOOR(numeric_expression)

            例:
            FLOOR(123.45) FLOOR(-123.45)

            执行结果:
            123.00 -124.00

            cos
            用途:
            在指定表达式中传回指定角度 (以弪度为单位) 的三角余弦值的数学函数。
            语法:
            COS(numeric_expression)

            例:
            COS(14.7

            执行结果:
            -0.599465

            cosh
            用途:
            传回以弧度为单位的角度值,其余弦为指定的 float 表达式,也称为反余弦。
            语法:
            COSH(numeric_expression)

            例:
            COSH(-1)

            执行结果:
            3.14159

            sin
            用途:
            以近似的数值 (float) 表达式传回给定角度 (以弧度) 之三角正弦函数 (Trigonometric Sine)。
            语法:
            SIN(numeric_expression)

            例:
            SIN(45.175643)

            执行结果:
            0.929607

            sinh
            用途:
            传回以弪度为单位的角度,其正弦为指定的 float 表达式 (也称为反正弦)。
            语法:
            SINH(numeric_expression)

            例:
            SINH(-1.00)

            执行结果:
            -1.5708

            tan
            用途:
            传回输入表达式的正切函数。
            语法:
            TAN(numeric_expression)

            例:
            TAN(3.14159265358979/2)

            执行结果:
            1.6331778728383844E+16

            tanh
            用途:
            传回以弪度为单位的角度,其正切为指定的 float 表达式 (也称为反正切)。
            语法:
            TANH(numeric_expression)

            例:
            TANH(-45.01)

            执行结果:
            -1.54858

            exp
            用途:
            传回给定的 float 表达式的指数 (Exponential) 值。
            语法:
            EXP(numeric_expression)

            例:
            EXP(378.615345498)

            执行结果:
            2.69498e+164

            log
            用途:
            传回给定的 float 表达式之自然对数。
            语法:
            LOG(numeric_expression)

            例:
            LOG(5.175643)

            执行结果:
            1.64396

            power
            用途:
            传回给定表达式指定乘幂的值。
            语法:
            POWER(numeric_expression,v)

            例:
            POWER(2,6)

            执行结果:
            64

            sign
            用途:
            传回给定的表达式之正 (+1)、零 (0) 或负 (-1) 号。
            语法:
            SIGN(numeric_expression)

            例:
            SIGN(123) SIGN(0) SIGN(-456)

            执行结果:
            1 0 -1

            sqrt
            用途:
            传回给定表达式的平方。
            语法:
            SQRT(numeric_expression)

            例:
            SQRT(10)

            执行结果:
            100
原贴:http://www.cnitblog.com/gavntery/archive/2005/12/18/5549.html

posted @ 2006-01-09 12:39  沉默天蝎的学习汇集  阅读(1015)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报