GPU CPU运算时间测试

GPU CPU运算时间测试

本文主要探讨GPU,CPU在做一些复杂运算的时间测试

实验任务

1.向量加法

两个相同维度的向量a,b做加法,分别测试GPU并行时间(包含数据拷贝时间),CPU串行时间。

2.双边滤波

简要介绍:

双边滤波(Bilateral filter)是一种非线性的滤波方法,是结合图像的空间邻近度和像素值相似度的一种折衷处理,同时考虑空域信息和灰度相似性,达到保边去噪的目的。具有简单、非迭代、局部的特点。

双边滤波在计算上是昂贵的,并且具有使优化复杂化的非线性分量。当在中央处理单元(CPU)上顺序运行时,这会花费很多时间,并且双边滤波算法的快速逼近范围很广,使得其算法优化极其困难。

任务描述:

测试\(sigmaColor = 15.0, sigmaSpace = 15.0\),高斯核直径\(d\)变化时, 在大小为 \(800 \times 1068\)图片上的效率。

样例图片:

Young_girl_smiling_in_sunshine_(2)

实验环境

  • Ubuntu 18.04
  • Intel(R) Xeon(R) Silver 4210 CPU @ 2.20GHz
  • RTX3090

ps:之前在本地电脑测过向量加法,现在突然放假回家,因此两个任务统一环境,重新测一遍。

实验结果

典型的 CUDA 程序的执行流程如下:

image-20221215120613208

因此对于cuda程序的计时可以分为三部分:数据从内存拷贝到显存执行计算计算结果从显存拷贝回内存

对于CPU的计时只有执行计算

1.向量加法

向量a,b的维度 262144\((512 \times 512)\) 1048576\((1024 \times 1024)\) 4194304\((2048 \times 2048)\)
实验结果截图 image-20221215152828472 image-20221215152703955 image-20221215152555449
内存数据拷贝到GPU时间消耗 0.000631 sec 0.001988 sec 0.008227sec
GPU计算时间 0.000016 sec 0.000013 sec 0.000016 sec
结果从显存拷贝到内存时间消耗 0.000415sec 0.001169 sec 0.002168 sec
显存计算总时间(上述相加) 0.001062sec 0.003170 sec 0.010411 sec
CPU 计算时间 0.001103 sec 0.003196 sec 0.017829 sec

分析:

  1. 对比GPU和CPU的计算时间,随着数据维度增大,GPU并行计算时间没有明显的增大,CPU计算时间逐渐增大。
  2. 随着数据维度增大,数据在内存到显存双向拷贝时间逐渐增大。
  3. 在简单的向量相加任务上,GPU并没有突出的优势

2.双边滤波

d = 2 d = 4 d = 8 d = 64
实验截图 image-20221215155716184 image-20221215155904698 image-20221215160000779 image-20221215160218732
数据拷贝总时间 1.532352 ms 1.566624 ms 1.563072 ms 1.494659 ms
GPU计算时间 0.287392 ms 0.697184 ms 2.123936 ms 107.015038 ms
GPU总时间 1.819744 ms 2.263808 ms 3.687008 ms 108.509697 ms
CPU计算时间 376.712 ms 365.958 ms 504.757 ms 7407.72 ms

可以发现GPU还是很猛的。

放一下d=8的结果,实现了类似于磨皮的效果:

原图 CPU GPU
space spaceCPU spaceGPU

实验代码

1.向量加法

  • sum.cu

    #include <cuda_runtime.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <time.h>
    #include "freshman.h"
    
    
    // CPU 加法
    void sumArrays(float *a, float *b, float *res, const int size)
    {
      for (int i = 0; i < size; i += 1)
      {
        res[i] = a[i] + b[i];
      }
    }
    
    // GPU 加法
    __global__ void sumArraysGPU(float *a, float *b, float *res, int N)
    {
      int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
      if (i < N)
        res[i] = a[i] + b[i];
    }
    
    
    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
      // set up device
      initDevice(0);
    
       int nElem = 512*512;
      //int nElem = 1024*1024;
      //int nElem = 2048*2048;
    
    
      printf("Vector size:%d\n", nElem);
    
      // 内存数据申请空间
      int nByte = sizeof(float) * nElem;
      float *a_h = (float *)malloc(nByte);
      float *b_h = (float *)malloc(nByte);
      float *res_h = (float *)malloc(nByte);
      float *res_from_gpu_h = (float *)malloc(nByte);
      memset(res_h, 0, nByte);
      memset(res_from_gpu_h, 0, nByte);
    
      // 内存数据随机初始化
      initialData(a_h, nElem);
      initialData(b_h, nElem);
    
      // 显存申请空间
      float *a_d, *b_d, *res_d;
      CHECK(cudaMalloc((float **)&a_d, nByte));
      CHECK(cudaMalloc((float **)&b_d, nByte));
      CHECK(cudaMalloc((float **)&res_d, nByte));
    
    
      // 内存到显存数据拷贝
      clock_t start, end;
      start = clock();
      CHECK(cudaMemcpy(a_d, a_h, nByte, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
      CHECK(cudaMemcpy(b_d, b_h, nByte, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));
      end = clock();
    
      double copytime = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
      printf("内存数据拷贝到GPU时间消耗\t %f sec\n", copytime);
    
    
    
      dim3 block(512);
      dim3 grid((nElem - 1) / block.x + 1);
    
      // GPU 加法
      double iStart, iElaps;
      iStart = cpuSecond();
      sumArraysGPU<<<grid, block>>>(a_d, b_d, res_d, nElem);
      iElaps = cpuSecond() - iStart;
    
      double GPU_Cla = iElaps;
      printf("GPU计算时间 \t\t\t\t %f sec\n", GPU_Cla);
    
    
      //显存到内存数据拷贝
      start = clock();
      CHECK(cudaMemcpy(res_from_gpu_h, res_d, nByte, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
      end = clock();
      double copytime2 = (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
      printf("结果从显存拷贝到内存时间消耗\t %f sec\n", copytime2);
    
      printf("GPU时间总消耗\t\t\t\t %f sec\n", copytime2 + GPU_Cla + copytime);
    
      // CPU 加法
      start = clock();
      sumArrays(a_h,b_h,res_h,nElem);
      end = clock();
      printf("CPU 计算时间\t\t\t\t %f sec\n", (double)(end - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
    
    
    
      checkResult(res_h, res_from_gpu_h, nElem);
      cudaFree(a_d);
      cudaFree(b_d);
      cudaFree(res_d);
    
      free(a_h);
      free(b_h);
      free(res_h);
      free(res_from_gpu_h);
    
      return 0;
    }
    
  • freshman.h

    #ifndef FRESHMAN_H
    #define FRESHMAN_H
    #define CHECK(call)\
    {\
      const cudaError_t error=call;\
      if(error!=cudaSuccess)\
      {\
          printf("ERROR: %s:%d,",__FILE__,__LINE__);\
          printf("code:%d,reason:%s\n",error,cudaGetErrorString(error));\
          exit(1);\
      }\
    }
    
    
    #include <time.h>
    #ifdef _WIN32
    #	include <windows.h>
    #else
    #	include <sys/time.h>
    #endif
    #ifdef _WIN32
    int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tp, void *tzp)
    {
      time_t clock;
      struct tm tm;
      SYSTEMTIME wtm;
      GetLocalTime(&wtm);
      tm.tm_year   = wtm.wYear - 1900;
      tm.tm_mon   = wtm.wMonth - 1;
      tm.tm_mday   = wtm.wDay;
      tm.tm_hour   = wtm.wHour;
      tm.tm_min   = wtm.wMinute;
      tm.tm_sec   = wtm.wSecond;
      tm. tm_isdst  = -1;
      clock = mktime(&tm);
      tp->tv_sec = clock;
      tp->tv_usec = wtm.wMilliseconds * 1000;
      return (0);
    }
    #endif
    double cpuSecond()
    {
      struct timeval tp;
      gettimeofday(&tp,NULL);
      return((double)tp.tv_sec+(double)tp.tv_usec*1e-6);
    
    }
    void initialData(float* ip,int size)
    {
      time_t t;
      srand((unsigned )time(&t));
      for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
      {
        ip[i]=(float)(rand()&0xffff)/1000.0f;
      }
    }
    void initialData_int(int* ip, int size)
    {
    	time_t t;
    	srand((unsigned)time(&t));
    	for (int i = 0; i<size; i++)
    	{
    		ip[i] = int(rand()&0xff);
    	}
    }
    void printMatrix(float * C,const int nx,const int ny)
    {
      float *ic=C;
      printf("Matrix<%d,%d>:",ny,nx);
      for(int i=0;i<ny;i++)
      {
        for(int j=0;j<nx;j++)
        {
          printf("%6f ",C[j]);
        }
        ic+=nx;
        printf("\n");
      }
    }
    
    void initDevice(int devNum)
    {
      int dev = devNum;
      cudaDeviceProp deviceProp;
      CHECK(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&deviceProp,dev));
      printf("Using device %d: %s\n",dev,deviceProp.name);
      CHECK(cudaSetDevice(dev));
    
    }
    void checkResult(float * hostRef,float * gpuRef,const int N)
    {
      double epsilon=1.0E-8;
      for(int i=0;i<N;i++)
      {
        if(abs(hostRef[i]-gpuRef[i])>epsilon)
        {
          printf("Results don\'t match!\n");
          printf("%f(hostRef[%d] )!= %f(gpuRef[%d])\n",hostRef[i],i,gpuRef[i],i);
          return;
        }
      }
      printf("Check result success!\n");
    }
    #endif//FRESHMAN_H
    

2. \(双边滤波^{[1]}\)

  • kernel.cu

    #include <iostream>
    #include <algorithm>
    #include <ctime>
    #include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
    #include "cuda_runtime.h"
    #include "device_launch_parameters.h"
    #include <cuda.h>
    #include <device_functions.h>
    #define M_PI           3.14159265358979323846
    
    
    using namespace std;
    using namespace cv;
    
    //一维高斯kernel数组
    __constant__ float cGaussian[64];
    //声明纹理参照系,以全局变量形式出现
    texture<unsigned char, 2, cudaReadModeElementType> inTexture;
    
    
    //计算一维高斯距离权重,二维高斯权重可由一维高斯权重做积得到
    void updateGaussian(int r, double sd)
    {
    	float fGaussian[64];
    	for (int i = 0; i < 2 * r + 1; i++)
    	{
    		float x = i - r;
    		fGaussian[i] = 1 / (sqrt(2 * M_PI) * sd) * expf(-(x * x) / (2 * sd * sd));
    	}
    	cudaMemcpyToSymbol(cGaussian, fGaussian, sizeof(float) * (2 * r + 1));
    }
    
    // 一维高斯函数,计算像素差异权重
    __device__ inline double gaussian(float x, double sigma)
    {
    	return 1 / (sqrt(2 * M_PI) * sigma) * __expf(-(powf(x, 2)) / (2 * powf(sigma, 2)));
    }
    
    __global__ void gpuCalculation(unsigned char* input, unsigned char* output, int width ,int height, int r,double sigmaColor)
    {
    	int txIndex = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    	int tyIndex = blockIdx.y * blockDim.y + threadIdx.y;
    
    	if ((txIndex < width) && (tyIndex < height))
    	{
    		double iFiltered = 0;
    		double k = 0;
    		//纹理拾取,得到要计算的中心像素点
    		unsigned char centrePx = tex2D(inTexture, txIndex, tyIndex);
    		//进行卷积运算
    		for (int dy = -r; dy <= r; dy++) {
    			for (int dx = -r; dx <= r; dx++) {
    				//得到kernel区域内另一像素点
    				unsigned char currPx = tex2D(inTexture, txIndex + dx, tyIndex + dy);
    				// Weight = 1D Gaussian(x_axis) * 1D Gaussian(y_axis) * Gaussian(Color difference)
    				double w = (cGaussian[dy + r] * cGaussian[dx + r]) * gaussian(centrePx - currPx, sigmaColor);
    				iFiltered += w * currPx;
    				k += w;
    			}
    		}
    		output[tyIndex * width + txIndex] = iFiltered / k;
    	}
    }
    
    void MyBilateralFilter(const Mat& input, Mat& output, int r, double sigmaColor, double sigmaSpace)
    {
    	//GPU计时事件
    	cudaEvent_t start, stop, cal_start, cal_stop;
    	float time_copy, total_time;
    	cudaEventCreate(&start);
    	cudaEventCreate(&stop);
    
    	cudaEventCreate(&cal_start);
    	cudaEventCreate(&cal_stop);
    
    	cudaEventRecord(start, 0);
    
    	//计算图片大小
    	int gray_size = input.step * input.rows;
    
    	//在device上开辟2维数据空间保存输入输出数据
    	unsigned char* d_input = NULL;
    	unsigned char* d_output;
    
    	updateGaussian(r, sigmaSpace);
    
    	//分配device内存
    	cudaMalloc<unsigned char>(&d_output, gray_size);
    
    	//纹理绑定
    	size_t pitch;
    	cudaMallocPitch(&d_input, &pitch, sizeof(unsigned char) * input.step, input.rows);
    	cudaChannelFormatDesc desc = cudaCreateChannelDesc<unsigned char>();
    	cudaMemcpy2D(d_input, pitch, input.ptr(), sizeof(unsigned char) * input.step, sizeof(unsigned char) * input.step, input.rows, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
    	//将纹理参照系绑定到一个CUDA数组
    	cudaBindTexture2D(0, inTexture, d_input, desc, input.step, input.rows, pitch);
    	
    	dim3 block(16, 16);
    	dim3 grid((input.cols + block.x - 1) / block.x, (input.rows + block.y - 1) / block.y);
    
    	cudaEventRecord(cal_start, 0);
    	gpuCalculation <<< grid, block >>> (d_input, d_output, input.cols, input.rows, r, sigmaColor);
    	cudaEventRecord(cal_stop, 0);
    	cudaEventSynchronize(cal_stop);
    
    	cudaEventElapsedTime(&time_copy, cal_start, cal_stop);
    	printf("Cal Time for the GPU: %f ms\n", time_copy);
    
    	//将device上的运算结果拷贝到host上
    	cudaMemcpy(output.ptr(), d_output, gray_size, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
    
    
    	cudaEventRecord(stop, 0);
    	cudaEventSynchronize(stop);
    
    	//释放device和host上分配的内存
    	cudaFree(d_input);
    	cudaFree(d_output);
    
    	// Calculate and print kernel run time
    	cudaEventElapsedTime(&total_time, start, stop);
    	printf("Copy Time for the GPU: %f ms\n", total_time - time_copy);
    	printf("Toal Time for the GPU: %f ms\n", total_time);
    	
    
    }
    
  • main.cpp

    #include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
    #include <iostream>
    
    using namespace std;
    using namespace cv;
    
    void MyBilateralFilter(const Mat& input, Mat& output, int r, double sI, double sS);
    
    
    int main() {
    
    	//高斯核直径
    	int d = 64;
    	double sigmaColor = 15.0, sigmaSpace = 15.0;
    	//将原始图像转化为灰度图像再打开
    	Mat srcImg = imread("1.jpg", IMREAD_GRAYSCALE);
    	//分配host内存
    	Mat dstImg(srcImg.rows, srcImg.cols, CV_8UC1);
    	Mat dstImgCV;
    
    	//在GPU上运行测速
    	MyBilateralFilter(srcImg, dstImg, d/2, sigmaColor, sigmaSpace);
    
    	//使用OpenCV bilateral filter在cpu上测速
    	clock_t start_s = clock();
    	bilateralFilter(srcImg, dstImgCV, d, sigmaColor, sigmaSpace);
    	clock_t stop_s = clock();
    	cout << "Time for the CPU: " << (stop_s - start_s) / double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC) * 1000 << " ms" << endl;
    	//展示图片
    	imshow("原图", srcImg);
    	imwrite("space2.jpg", srcImg);
    	imshow("GPU加速双边滤波", dstImg);
    	imwrite("space2.jpg", dstImg);
    	imshow("CPU双边滤波", dstImgCV);
    	imwrite("space2.jpg", dstImgCV);
    	cv::waitKey();
    }
    

进一步的讨论(双边滤波)

  1. gird,block的划分对速度的影响?

    要回答这个问题需要一些先验知识,所以最近去学习了一些GPU的组织架构,熟悉了一下相关概念。

    由于 SM 的基本执行单元是包含 32 个线程的线程束,所以 block 大小一般要设置为 32 的倍数。

    因此在d=8、32的时候,分别设置了以下五种情况:

    d = 8 d = 32
    image-20221222202504478 image-20221222202944396 image-20221222203806111
    image-20221222200016580 image-20221222203038017 image-20221222203636531
    image-20221222202640203 image-20221222203122139 image-20221222203604794
    image-20221222203217915 image-20221222203159267 image-20221222203525667
    image-20221222203310392 image-20221222203303418 image-20221222203443844

    只关注第一行,Cal time for GPU就行。

    就这个任务总体来看,对RTX3090来说,对于一张分辨率确定的图片,在dim3 block(64,64)上发生了改变。我查了一下3090的SM数量是82。

    image-20221222204128294

img

想了一下,还没法回答这个问题,需要以后继续深入探讨。

  1. 关于使用纹理内存的问题

    我看互联网上的描述,差不多就是纹理内存有一些特性(比如可以归一化等等),访问二维矩阵的邻域会获得加速

    image-20221222205810074

但是这个访问邻域应该更多地体现在差值上:

image-20221222210129009

我又回头看了一下作者的代码:

image-20221222210345934

都是整型,其实也就是没有插值(因为都精确的落在了某个像素上),所以修改为直接从input读取数据,两种效果应该差不多,果不其然:

texture memory global memory
d = 8 image-20221222203038017 image-20221222210925648
d = 32 image-20221222203636531 image-20221222210851978

相关代码:

kernel_global_input.cu

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <ctime>
#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
#include "cuda_runtime.h"
#include "device_launch_parameters.h"
#include <cuda.h>
#include <device_functions.h>
#define M_PI  3.14159265358979323846


using namespace std;
using namespace cv;

//一维高斯kernel数组
__constant__ float cGaussian[64];
//声明纹理参照系,以全局变量形式出现
texture<unsigned char, 2, cudaReadModeElementType> inTexture;


//计算一维高斯距离权重,二维高斯权重可由一维高斯权重做积得到
void updateGaussian(int r, double sd)
{
	float fGaussian[64];
	for (int i = 0; i < 2 * r + 1; i++)
	{
		float x = i - r;
		fGaussian[i] = 1 / (sqrt(2 * M_PI) * sd) * expf(-(x * x) / (2 * sd * sd));
	}
	cudaMemcpyToSymbol(cGaussian, fGaussian, sizeof(float) * (2 * r + 1));
}

// 一维高斯函数,计算像素差异权重
__device__ inline double gaussian(float x, double sigma)
{
	return 1 / (sqrt(2 * M_PI) * sigma) * __expf(-(powf(x, 2)) / (2 * powf(sigma, 2)));
}


__global__ void gpuCalculation(unsigned char* input, unsigned char* output, int width ,int height, int r,double sigmaColor)
{
	int txIndex = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	int tyIndex = blockIdx.y * blockDim.y + threadIdx.y;

	if ((txIndex < width) && (tyIndex < height))
	{
		double iFiltered = 0;
		double k = 0;
		unsigned char centrePx = input[tyIndex * width + txIndex];
		//进行卷积运算
		for (int dy = -r; dy <= r; dy++) {
			for (int dx = -r; dx <= r; dx++) {
				if(txIndex+dx >= 0 && tyIndex+dy >=0 && txIndex+dx <= width && tyIndex+dy <= height)
				{
					//得到kernel区域内另一像素点
					unsigned char currPx = input[(tyIndex+dy) * width + txIndex+dx];
					// Weight = 1D Gaussian(x_axis) * 1D Gaussian(y_axis) * Gaussian(Color difference)
					double w = (cGaussian[dy + r] * cGaussian[dx + r]) * gaussian(centrePx - currPx, sigmaColor);
					iFiltered += w * currPx;
					k += w;
				}
				
			}
		}
		output[tyIndex * width + txIndex] = iFiltered / k;
	}
}

void MyBilateralFilter(const Mat& input, Mat& output, int r, double sigmaColor, double sigmaSpace)
{
	//GPU计时事件
	cudaEvent_t start, stop, cal_start, cal_stop;
	float time_copy, total_time;
	cudaEventCreate(&start);
	cudaEventCreate(&stop);

	cudaEventCreate(&cal_start);
	cudaEventCreate(&cal_stop);

	cudaEventRecord(start, 0);

	//计算图片大小
	int gray_size = input.step * input.rows;

	//在device上开辟2维数据空间保存输入输出数据
	unsigned char* d_input;
	unsigned char* d_output;

	updateGaussian(r, sigmaSpace);

	//分配device内存
	cudaMalloc<unsigned char>(&d_input, gray_size);
	cudaMalloc<unsigned char>(&d_output, gray_size);

	// global memory 图片数据拷贝
	cudaMemcpy(d_input, input.ptr(), gray_size,  cudaMemcpyHostToDevice);
	

	dim3 block(16, 16);
	dim3 grid((input.cols + block.x - 1) / block.x, (input.rows + block.y - 1) / block.y);

	cudaEventRecord(cal_start, 0);
	gpuCalculation <<< grid, block >>> (d_input, d_output, input.cols, input.rows, r, sigmaColor);
	cudaEventRecord(cal_stop, 0);
	cudaEventSynchronize(cal_stop);
	cudaEventElapsedTime(&time_copy, cal_start, cal_stop);
	printf("Cal Time for the GPU: %f ms\n", time_copy);

	//将device上的运算结果拷贝到host上
	cudaMemcpy(output.ptr(), d_output, gray_size, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);


	cudaEventRecord(stop, 0);
	cudaEventSynchronize(stop);

	//释放device和host上分配的内存
	cudaFree(d_input);
	cudaFree(d_output);

	// Calculate and print kernel run time
	cudaEventElapsedTime(&total_time, start, stop);
	printf("Copy Time for the GPU: %f ms\n", total_time - time_copy);
	printf("Toal Time for the GPU: %f ms\n", total_time);
	

}

引用

[1] https://github.com/xytroot/Bilateral-Filter

posted @ 2022-12-11 20:37  CuriosityWang  阅读(443)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报