多线程之CompletableFuture

1.Future回顾

Future 以及相关使用方法提供了异步执行任务的能力,但是对于结果的获取却是很不方便,我们必须使用Future.get()的方式阻塞调用线程,或者使用轮询方式判断 Future.isDone 任务是否结束,再获取结果。

代码示例:

import java.util.concurrent.*;

/**
 * 大汉软件:多线程
 */
public class FutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //线程池创建
        ThreadPoolExecutor executors = new ThreadPoolExecutor(5, 10,
                200L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());

        Future<Long> future = executors.submit(() -> {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(199);
                return getCurrentTime();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return 0L;
        });


        // 获取结果
        System.out.println(future.get());
    }

    public static long getCurrentTime() {
        long nanoTime = System.nanoTime();
        return nanoTime;
    }
}

Future无法解决多个异步任务需要相互依赖的场景(主线程需要等待子线程任务执行完毕之后在进行执行,这个时候需要CountDownLatch

代码如下

import java.util.concurrent.*;

/**
 * 大汉软件:多线程
 */
public class FutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        //线程池创建
        ThreadPoolExecutor executors = new ThreadPoolExecutor(5, 10,
                200L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());

        CountDownLatch count = new CountDownLatch(2);
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        Future<String> future1 = executors.submit(() -> {
            Thread.sleep(180);
            count.countDown();
            return "线程1";
        });

        Future<String> future2 = executors.submit(() -> {
            Thread.sleep(50);
            count.countDown();
            return "线程2";
        });

        count.await();

        //模拟主程序耗时时间
        Thread.sleep(600);
        System.out.println("获取用户信息:" + future1.get());
        System.out.println("获取商品信息:" + future2.get());
        System.out.println("总共用时" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + "ms");
        // 关闭线程池
        executors.shutdown();
    }
}

测试结果:

获取用户信息:线程1
获取商品信息:线程2
总共用时839ms

总共用时 >= 600ms + 180ms。

2.CompletableFuture实现上面示例

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        CompletableFuture<String> supplyAsync1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            //模拟耗时180毫秒
            try {
                Thread.sleep(180);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "用户A";
        });

        CompletableFuture<String> supplyAsync2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            //模拟耗时50毫秒
            try {
                Thread.sleep(50);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "用户B";
        });

        System.out.println("获取用户信息:" + supplyAsync1.get());
        System.out.println("获取商品信息:" + supplyAsync2.get());

        //模拟主程序耗时时间
        Thread.sleep(600);
        System.out.println("总共用时" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + "ms");
    }
}

测试结果:

获取用户信息:用户A
获取商品信息:用户B
总共用时851ms

通过CompletableFuture可以很轻松的实现CountDownLatch的功能,你以为这就结束了,远远不止,CompletableFuture比这要强多了。

比如可以实现:任务1执行完了 再执行任务2;甚至任务1执行的结果,作为任务2的入参数等等强大功能,下面就来学学CompletableFuture的API。

CompletableFuture创建方式

常用的4种创建方式:CompletableFuture源码中有四个静态方法用来执行异步任务

public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier){..}
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier,Executor executor){..}
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable){..}
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable,Executor executor){..}
区别

supplyAsync :执行任务,支持返回值。

runAsync:执行任务,没有返回值。

结果获取的4种方式

*//方式一*
public T get()
*//方式二*
public T get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
*//方式三*
public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent)
*//方式四*
public T join()
补充:

get()和get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) : 在Future中就已经提供了,后者提供超时处理,如果在指定时间内未获取结果将抛出超时异常

getNow : 立即获取结果不阻塞,结果计算已完成将返回结果或计算过程中的异常,如果未计算完成将返回设定的valueIfAbsent值

join : 方法里不会抛出异常

测试结果

第一个执行结果为 「商品B」,因为要先睡上1秒结果不能立即获取

join方法获取结果方法里不会抛异常,但是执行结果会抛异常,抛出的异常为CompletionException

get方法获取结果方法里将抛出异常,执行结果抛出的异常为ExecutionException

异步回调方法

image

1、thenRun/thenRunAsync

完成第一个任务后,执行第二个任务,第二个任务也没有返回值

代码:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        CompletableFuture<Void> cp1 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
            try {
                //执行任务A
                Thread.sleep(180);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }

        });

        CompletableFuture<Void> cp2 =  cp1.thenRun(() -> {
            try {
                //执行任务B
                Thread.sleep(50);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        });

        // get方法测试
        System.out.println(cp2.get());

        //模拟主程序耗时时间
        Thread.sleep(600);
        System.out.println("总共用时" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + "ms");

    }
}
测试结果:

null
总共用时912ms

thenRun 和thenRunAsync区别

如果你执行第一个任务的时候,传入了一个自定义线程池:

  • 调用thenRun方法执行第二个任务时,则第二个任务和第一个任务是共用同一个线程池。
  • 调用thenRunAsync执行第二个任务时,则第一个任务使用的是你自己传入的线程池,第二个任务使用的是ForkJoin线程池。

说明: 后面介绍的thenAccept和thenAcceptAsync,thenApply和thenApplyAsync等,它们之间的区别也是这个。

2、thenAccept/thenAcceptAsync

第一个任务执行完成后,执行第二个回调方法任务,会将该任务的执行结果,作为入参,传递到回调方法中,但是回调方法是没有返回值的。

代码:
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        CompletableFuture<String> cp1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            try {
                //执行任务A
                Thread.sleep(180);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "参数";
        }).thenApply((e)->{
            if("参数".equals(e)){
                return e;
            }
            return e+"haha";
        });

        // get方法测试
        System.out.println(cp1.get());

        //模拟主程序耗时时间
        Thread.sleep(600);
        System.out.println("总共用时" + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + "ms");

    }
}
测试结果:

参数
总共用时846ms

异常回调

当CompletableFuture的任务不论是正常完成还是出现异常它都会调用「whenComplete」回调函数。

  • 「正常完成」:whenComplete返回结果和上级任务一致,异常为null;
  • 「出现异常」:whenComplete返回结果为null,异常为上级任务的异常;

即调用get()时,正常完成时就获取到结果,出现异常时就会抛出异常,需要你处理该异常。

只用whenComplete

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        CompletableFuture<Double> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            if (Math.random() < 0.5) {
                throw new RuntimeException("出错了");
            }
            System.out.println("正常结束");
            return 0.11;

        }).whenComplete((aDouble, throwable) -> {
            if (aDouble == null) {
                System.out.println("whenComplete aDouble is null");
            } else {
                System.out.println("whenComplete aDouble is " + aDouble);
            }
            if (throwable == null) {
                System.out.println("whenComplete throwable is null");
            } else {
                System.out.println("whenComplete throwable is " + throwable.getMessage());
            }
        });
        System.out.println("最终返回的结果 = " + future.get());
    }
}
无异常
正常结束
whenComplete aDouble is 0.11
whenComplete throwable is null
最终返回的结果 = 0.11
异常
whenComplete aDouble is null
whenComplete throwable is java.lang.RuntimeException: 出错了
Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: 出错了
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture.reportGet(CompletableFuture.java:357)
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture.get(CompletableFuture.java:1895)
	at CompletableFutureTest.main(CompletableFutureTest.java:28)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: 出错了
	at CompletableFutureTest.lambda$main$0(CompletableFutureTest.java:11)
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture$AsyncSupply.run(CompletableFuture.java:1590)
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture$AsyncSupply.exec(CompletableFuture.java:1582)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask.doExec(ForkJoinTask.java:289)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool$WorkQueue.runTask(ForkJoinPool.java:1056)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.runWorker(ForkJoinPool.java:1692)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinWorkerThread.run(ForkJoinWorkerThread.java:157)

whenComplete + exceptionally

出现异常时,exceptionally中会捕获该异常,给出默认返回值400。

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        CompletableFuture<Double> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            if (Math.random() < 0.5) {
                throw new RuntimeException("出错了");
            }
            System.out.println("正常结束");
            return 0.11;

        }).whenComplete((aDouble, throwable) -> {
            if (aDouble == null) {
                System.out.println("whenComplete aDouble is null");
            } else {
                System.out.println("whenComplete aDouble is " + aDouble);
            }
            if (throwable == null) {
                System.out.println("whenComplete throwable is null");
            } else {
                System.out.println("whenComplete throwable is " + throwable.getMessage());
            }
        }).exceptionally((throwable) -> {
            System.out.println("exceptionally中异常:" + throwable.getMessage());
            // 默认值
            return 400D;
        });;
        System.out.println("最终返回的结果 = " + future.get());
    }
}
测试结果
whenComplete aDouble is null
whenComplete throwable is java.lang.RuntimeException: 出错了
exceptionally中异常:java.lang.RuntimeException: 出错了
最终返回的结果 = 400.0

多任务组合回调

image

AND组合关系

thenCombine / thenAcceptBoth / runAfterBoth:当任务一和任务二都完成再执行任务三

区别在于:

  • 「runAfterBoth」 不会把执行结果当做方法入参,且没有返回值
  • 「thenAcceptBoth」: 会将两个任务的执行结果作为方法入参,传递到指定方法中,且无返回值
  • 「thenCombine」:会将两个任务的执行结果作为方法入参,传递到指定方法中,且有返回值
代码
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        //创建线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        //开启异步任务1
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务1,当前线程编号是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 1;
            System.out.println("异步任务1结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //开启异步任务2
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务2,当前线程编号是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 1;
            System.out.println("异步任务2结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //任务组合
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task3 = task.thenCombineAsync(task2, (f1, f2) -> {
            System.out.println("执行任务3,当前线程编号是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            System.out.println("任务1返回值:" + f1);
            System.out.println("任务2返回值:" + f2);
            return f1 + f2;
        }, executorService);

        Integer res = task3.get();
        System.out.println("最终结果:" + res);
    }
}
测试结果
异步任务1,当前线程编号是:20
异步任务2,当前线程编号是:21
异步任务1结束
异步任务2结束
执行任务3,当前线程编号是:22
任务1返回值:2
任务2返回值:2
最终结果:4

OR组合关系

applyToEither / acceptEither / runAfterEither :两个任务,只要有一个任务完成,就执行任务三

区别在于:

  • 「runAfterEither」:不会把执行结果当做方法入参,且没有返回值
  • 「acceptEither」: 会将已经执行完成的任务,作为方法入参,传递到指定方法中,且无返回值
  • 「applyToEither」:会将已经执行完成的任务,作为方法入参,传递到指定方法中,且有返回值
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        //创建线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        //开启异步任务1
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务1,当前线程编号是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 1;
            System.out.println("异步任务1结束");
            try {
                Thread.sleep(200);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //开启异步任务2
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务2,当前线程编号是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 2;
            System.out.println("异步任务2结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //任务组合
        task.acceptEitherAsync(task2, (e) -> {
            System.out.println("执行任务3,当前线程编号是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            System.out.println("上一个任务的结果为:" + e);
        }, executorService);
    }
}


测试结果:
异步任务1,当前线程编号是:20
异步任务2,当前线程编号是:21
异步任务1结束
异步任务2结束
执行任务3,当前线程编号是:22
上一个任务的结果为:3

多任务组合

  • 「allOf」:等待所有任务完成
  • 「anyOf」:只要有一个任务完成

allOf:等待所有任务完成

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        //创建线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        //开启异步任务1
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务1,当前线程是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 1;
            System.out.println("异步任务1结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //开启异步任务2
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务2,当前线程是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 2;
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("异步任务2结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //开启异步任务3
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务3,当前线程是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 3;
            try {
                Thread.sleep(4000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("异步任务3结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //任务组合
        CompletableFuture<Void> allOf = CompletableFuture.allOf(task, task2, task3);

        //等待所有任务完成
        allOf.get();
        //获取任务的返回结果
        System.out.println("task结果为:" + task.get());
        System.out.println("task2结果为:" + task2.get());
        System.out.println("task3结果为:" + task3.get());
    }
}



异步任务1,当前线程是:20
异步任务2,当前线程是:21
异步任务1结束
异步任务3,当前线程是:22
异步任务2结束
异步任务3结束
task结果为:2
task2结果为:3
task3结果为:4

anyOf: 只要有一个任务完成

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        //创建线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        //开启异步任务1
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务1,当前线程是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 1;
            System.out.println("异步任务1结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //开启异步任务2
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务2,当前线程是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 2;
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("异步任务2结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //开启异步任务3
        CompletableFuture<Integer> task3 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("异步任务3,当前线程是:" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
            int result = 1 + 3;
            try {
                Thread.sleep(4000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("异步任务3结束");
            return result;
        }, executorService);

        //任务组合
        CompletableFuture<Object> anyOf = CompletableFuture.anyOf(task, task2, task3);

        //等待所有任务完成
        Object o = anyOf.get();
        //获取任务的返回结果
        System.out.println("最终结果为:" + o);

        executorService.shutdown();
    }
}




异步任务1,当前线程是:22
异步任务2,当前线程是:23
异步任务1结束
最终结果为:2
异步任务3,当前线程是:24
异步任务2结束
异步任务3结束

Completable使用注意点

CompletableFuture 使我们的异步编程更加便利的、代码更加优雅的同时,我们也要关注下它,使用的一些注意点。

1.Future需要获取返回值才能获取异常信息

2.get()的方法是阻塞的

3.不建议使用默认线程池

4.自定义线程池注意饱和策略

Future需要获取返回值才能获取异常信息
@Test
    public void testWhenCompleteExceptionally() {
        CompletableFuture<Double> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            if (1 == 1) {
                throw new RuntimeException("出错了");
            }
            return 0.11;
        });

        //如果不加 get()方法这一行,看不到异常信息
        //future.get();
    }

import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * 大汉软件:CompletableFuture
 */
public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        //创建线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        CompletableFuture<Double> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            if (1 == 1) {
                throw new RuntimeException("出错了");
            }
            return 0.11;
        });

        Double aDouble = future.get();

        executorService.shutdown();
    }
}



Exception in thread "main" java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: java.lang.RuntimeException: 出错了
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture.reportGet(CompletableFuture.java:357)
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture.get(CompletableFuture.java:1895)
	at CompletableFutureTest.main(CompletableFutureTest.java:20)
Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: 出错了
	at CompletableFutureTest.lambda$main$0(CompletableFutureTest.java:15)
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture$AsyncSupply.run(CompletableFuture.java:1590)
	at java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture$AsyncSupply.exec(CompletableFuture.java:1582)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask.doExec(ForkJoinTask.java:289)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool$WorkQueue.runTask(ForkJoinPool.java:1056)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.runWorker(ForkJoinPool.java:1692)
	at java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinWorkerThread.run(ForkJoinWorkerThread.java:157)
get()的方法是阻塞的
//错误方式
 CompletableFuture.get();
//正确方式
CompletableFuture.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

不建议使用默认线程池

CompletableFuture代码中又使用了默认的「ForkJoin线程池」,处理的线程个数是电脑「CPU核数-1」。在大量请求过来的时候,处理逻辑复杂的话,响应会很慢。一般建议使用自定义线程池,优化线程池配置参数。

自定义线程池时,注意饱和策略

CompletableFuture的get()方法是阻塞的,建议使用future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)。并推荐使用自定义线程池。

但是如果线程池拒绝策略是DiscardPolicy或者DiscardOldestPolicy,当线程池饱和时,会直接丢弃任务,不会抛弃异常。

因此建议,CompletableFuture线程池策略最好使用AbortPolicy,然后耗时的异步线程,做好线程池隔离

posted @ 2023-02-05 17:59  土木转行的人才  阅读(73)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报