MySQL语句详解(用户表、密码、权限、远程)
理解SQL语句中各部分的含义,学会使用MySQL语句管理数据库。
注:
Host列指定了允许用户登录所使用的IP,比如user=root Host=192.168.1.1。这里的意思就是说root用户只能通过192.168.1.1的客户端去访问。
而%是个通配符,如果Host=192.168.1.%,那么就表示只要是IP地址前缀为“192.168.1.”的客户端都可以连接。如果Host=%,表示所有IP都有连接权限。、
这也就是为什么在开启远程连接的时候,大部分人都直接把Host改成%的缘故,为了省事。
1:新增用户:
注:MySQL数据库下user表中,Host和User为两个主键列(primary key),已经各版本下非空未设置默认字段。
登录后,切换db:
- mysql> use mysql;
- Reading table information for completion of table and column names
- You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
- Database changed
新增用户:
注:限制kaka用户的登陆ip为10.155.123.55,ip为随手写入,如果正确配置为您有效登陆ip,所有ip登陆,则设置Host为 '%'
- mysql> INSERT INTO mysql.user(Host,User,Password) VALUES("10.155.123.55","kaka",PASSWORD("kaka123"));
在版本 5.6.27:
- mysql> INSERT INTO mysql.user(Host,User,Password,ssl_cipher,x509_issuer,x509_subject) VALUES("10.155.123.55","kaka",PASSWORD("kaka123"),"","","");
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
新增用户(全sql):
- INSERT INTO `user`(`Host`,`User`,`Password`,`Select_priv`,`Insert_priv`,`Update_priv`,`Delete_priv`,`Create_priv`,`Drop_priv`,`Reload_priv`,`Shutdown_priv`,`Process_priv`,`File_priv`,`Grant_priv`,`References_priv`,`Index_priv`,`Alter_priv`,`Show_db_priv`,`Super_priv`,`Create_tmp_table_priv`,`Lock_tables_priv`,`Execute_priv`,`Repl_slave_priv`,`Repl_client_priv`,`Create_view_priv`,`Show_view_priv`,`Create_routine_priv`,`Alter_routine_priv`,`Create_user_priv`,`Event_priv`,`Trigger_priv`,`Create_tablespace_priv`,`ssl_type`,`ssl_cipher`,`x509_issuer`,`x509_subject`,`max_questions`,`max_updates`,`max_connections`,`max_user_connections`,`plugin`,`authentication_string`,`password_expired`) VALUES ('%','root','*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','','','','',0,0,0,0,'mysql_native_password','','N');
新增用户完成,刷新mysql的系统权限相关表
- mysql> flush privileges;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
设置遇到问题,请查看:MySQL配置和设置问题小结
重启生效:
- [root@Tony_ts_tian bin]# service mysqld restart
- Shutting down MySQL.... SUCCESS!
- Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
- mysql> SELECT Host,User,Password FROM mysql.user;
- +----------------+------+-------------------------------------------+
- | Host | User | Password |
- +----------------+------+-------------------------------------------+
- | localhost | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | tony\_ts\_tian | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | 127.0.0.1 | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | ::1 | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | 10.155.123.55 | kaka | *90B3D884FB6092549F244125549B77C000A0F9C6 |
- | % | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- +----------------+------+-------------------------------------------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2:修改信息,密码,类似可修改其他字段。
- mysql> UPDATE `user` SET Password=PASSWORD("123456") WHERE Host='10.155.123.55' AND User='kaka';
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
- Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
- mysql> flush privileges;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> SELECT Host,User,Password FROM `user`;
- 前:
- | 10.155.123.55 | kaka | *90B3D884FB6092549F244125549B77C000A0F9C6 |
- 后:
- | 10.155.123.55 | kaka | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 |
3:删除用户:
- mysql> DELETE FROM `user` WHERE Host='10.155.123.55' AND User='kaka';
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> flush privileges;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> SELECT Host,User,Password FROM `user`;
- +----------------+------+-------------------------------------------+
- | Host | User | Password |
- +----------------+------+-------------------------------------------+
- | localhost | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | tony\_ts\_tian | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | 127.0.0.1 | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | ::1 | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- | % | root | *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8 |
- +----------------+------+-------------------------------------------+
- 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4. 权限分配
- GRANT语法:
- GRANT 权限 ON 数据库.* TO 用户名@'登录主机' IDENTIFIED BY '密码'
- 权限:
- ALL,ALTER,CREATE,DROP,SELECT,UPDATE,DELETE
- 新增用户:权限为USAGE,即为:"无权限",想要创建一个没有权限的用户时,可以指定USAGE
- 数据库:
- *.* 表示所有库的所有表
- mylove.* 表示mylove库的所有表
- mylove.loves 表示mylove库的loves表
- 用户名:
- MySQL的账户名
- 登陆主机:
- 允许登陆到MySQL Server的客户端ip
- '%'表示所有ip
- 'localhost' 表示本机
- '10.155.123.55' 特定IP
- 密码:
- MySQL的账户名对应的登陆密码
注: IDENTIFIED BY '密码',可选。
GRANT会覆盖用户的部分信息,跟insert 、update执行功能一样。
给用户kaka分配test数据库下user表的查询select权限:
- mysql> GRANT SELECT ON test.user TO kaka@'10.155.123.55' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> flush privileges;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> show Grants for 'kaka'@'10.155.123.55';
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for kaka@10.155.123.55 |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'kaka'@'10.155.123.55' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9' |
- | GRANT SELECT ON `test`.`user` TO 'kaka'@'10.155.123.55' |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
为了快速测试,我要把ip切回%,ip全访问:
使用和测试:
数据库和数据表请看: MySQL数据定义语句:CREATE(创建)命令、ALTER(修改)命令、DROP(删除)
- mysql> use mysql
- Reading table information for completion of table and column names
- You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
- Database changed
- 修改权限Host为所有ip登陆:
- mysql> UPDATE `user` SET Host='%' WHERE Host='10.155.123.55' AND User='kaka';
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
- 查看kaka的权限:
- mysql> show grants for 'kaka'@'10.155.123.55';
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for kaka@10.155.123.55 |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'kaka'@'10.155.123.55' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9' |
- | GRANT SELECT ON `test`.`user` TO 'kaka'@'10.155.123.55' |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 刷新MySQL的系统权限相关表
- mysql> flush privileges;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- 查看kaka的权限:
- mysql> show grants for 'kaka'@'%';
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for kaka@% |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'kaka'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9' |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 给用户kaka分配weloveshare数据库下user表的查询select权限:
- mysql> GRANT SELECT ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- 查看kaka的权限:
- mysql> show grants for 'kaka'@'%';
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for kaka@% |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'kaka'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9' |
- | GRANT SELECT ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO 'kaka'@'%' |
- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 查看weloveshare数据库下user表的数据:
- mysql> use weloveshare
- Reading table information for completion of table and column names
- You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
- Database changed
- mysql> select * from user;
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
- 退出当前用户:
- mysql> exit;
- Bye
- 切换用户kaka:
- [root@Tony_ts_tian ~]# mysql -u kaka -p
- Enter password:
- 登录成功。
- 切换数据库,查看user表数据:
- mysql> use weloveshare
- Reading table information for completion of table and column names
- You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
- Database changed
- mysql> select * from user;
- Empty set (0.00 sec)
- 插入数据:
- mysql> INSERT INTO `weloveshare`.`user`(uname,upass,ustatus) VALUES('kaka','kaka123','0');
- ERROR 1142 (42000): INSERT command denied to user 'kaka'@'localhost' for table 'user'
- 提示:INSERT被拒绝。配置成功。
- 注:`weloveshare`.`user`数据库名.数据表名,kaka用户名,%为Host,ip可限制或不 localhost,%,192.168.10.%
- grant创建、修改、删除、更新、查询MySQL数据表结构权限:
- GRANT CREATE ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- GRANT ALTER ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- GRANT DROP ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- GRANT UPDATE ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- GRANT SELECT ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- grant操作MySQL外键权限:
- GRANT REFERENCES ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- grant操作MySQL 临时表权限:
- GRANT CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- grant操作MySQL索引权限
- GRANT INDEX ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- grant操作MySQL视图、查看视图源代码权限:
- GRANT CREATE VIEW ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- GRANT SHOW VIEW ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- grant操作MySQL存储过程(查看状态,删除修改)、函数权限。
- GRANT CREATE ROUTINE ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- GRANT CREATE ROUTINE ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
- GRANT EXECUTE ON `weloveshare`.`user` TO kaka@'%';
注:其他的详细权限,请查看,备注附件(最后)。
5:查看数据库登陆所有用户:
- mysql> SELECT DISTINCT CONCAT('User: ''',user,'''@''',host,''';') AS QUERY FROM mysql.user;
- +--------------------------------+
- | QUERY |
- +--------------------------------+
- | User: 'kaka'@'%'; |
- | User: 'root'@'%'; |
- | User: 'root'@'127.0.0.1'; |
- | User: 'root'@'::1'; |
- | User: 'root'@'localhost'; |
- | User: 'root'@'tony\_ts\_tian'; |
- +--------------------------------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看某个用户的具体权限,比如root:
- mysql> show grants for 'root'@'%';
- +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Grants for root@% |
- +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8' WITH GRANT OPTION |
- +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
或
- mysql> select * from mysql.user where user='root' \G
备注附件:
查看MySQL数据中user表的表结构:
- mysql> DESC mysql.user;
- +------------------------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
- | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
- +------------------------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
- | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | |
- | User | char(16) | NO | PRI | | |
- | Password | char(41) | NO | | | |
- | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Reload_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Shutdown_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Process_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | File_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Show_db_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Super_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Create_tmp_table_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Lock_tables_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Execute_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Repl_slave_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Repl_client_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Create_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Show_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Create_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Alter_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Create_user_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Event_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Trigger_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | Create_tablespace_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- | ssl_type | enum('','ANY','X509','SPECIFIED') | NO || | |
- | ssl_cipher | blob | NO | | NULL | |
- | x509_issuer | blob | NO | | NULL | |
- | x509_subject | blob | NO | | NULL | |
- | max_questions | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | |
- | max_updates | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | |
- | max_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | |
- | max_user_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | |
- | plugin | char(64) | YES || mysql_native_password ||
- | authentication_string | text | YES | | NULL | |
- | password_expired | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | |
- +------------------------+-------------------+------+-----+-----------+-------+
- 43 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看root用户的所有具体权限:
- Host: %
- User: root
- Password: *71ABCA8B06D46066CEF8062A75256E66243D0FC8
- Select_priv: Y
- Insert_priv: Y
- Update_priv: Y
- Delete_priv: Y
- Create_priv: Y
- Drop_priv: Y
- Reload_priv: Y
- Shutdown_priv: Y
- Process_priv: Y
- File_priv: Y
- Grant_priv: Y
- References_priv: Y
- Index_priv: Y
- Alter_priv: Y
- Show_db_priv: Y
- Super_priv: Y
- eate_tmp_table_priv: Y
- Lock_tables_priv: Y
- Execute_priv: Y
- Repl_slave_priv: Y
- Repl_client_priv: Y
- Create_view_priv: Y
- Show_view_priv: Y
- Create_routine_priv: Y
- Alter_routine_priv: Y
- Create_user_priv: Y
- Event_priv: Y
- Trigger_priv: Y
- ate_tablespace_priv: Y
- ssl_type:
- ssl_cipher:
- x509_issuer:
- x509_subject:
- max_questions: 0
- max_updates: 0
- max_connections: 0
- ax_user_connections: 0
- plugin: mysql_native_password
- thentication_string:
- password_expired: N
参数说明:
- Select_priv:用户可以通过SELECT命令选择数据。
- Insert_priv:用户可以通过INSERT命令插入数据;
- Update_priv:用户可以通过UPDATE命令修改现有数据;
- Delete_priv:用户可以通过DELETE命令删除现有数据;
- Create_priv:用户可以创建新的数据库和表;
- Drop_priv:用户可以删除现有数据库和表;
- Reload_priv:用户可以执行刷新和重新加载MySQL所用各种内部缓存的特定命令,包括日志、权限、主机、查询和表;重新加载权限表;
- Shutdown_priv:用户可以关闭MySQL服务器;在将此权限提供给root账户之外的任何用户时,都应当非常谨慎;
- Process_priv:用户可以通过SHOW PROCESSLIST命令查看其他用户的进程;服务器管理;
- File_priv:用户可以执行SELECT INTO OUTFILE和LOAD DATA INFILE命令;加载服务器上的文件;
- Grant_priv:用户可以将已经授予给该用户自己的权限再授予其他用户(任何用户赋予全部已有权限);
- References_priv;目前只是某些未来功能的占位符;现在没有作用;
- Index_priv:用户可以创建和删除表索引;用索引查询表;
- Alter_priv:用户可以重命名和修改表结构;
- Show_db_priv:用户可以查看服务器上所有数据库的名字,包括用户拥有足够访问权限的数据库;可以考虑对所有用户禁用这个权限,除非有特别不可抗拒的原因;
- Super_priv:用户可以执行某些强大的管理功能,例如通过KILL命令删除用户进程,使用SET GLOBAL修改全局MySQL变量,执行关于复制和日志的各种命令;超级权限;
- Create_tmp_table_priv:用户可以创建临时表;
- Lock_tables_priv:用户可以使用LOCK TABLES命令阻止对表的访问/修改;
- Execute_priv:用户可以执行存储过程;此权限只在MySQL 5.0及更高版本中有意义;
- Repl_slave_priv:用户可以读取用于维护复制数据库环境的二进制日志文件;此用户位于主系统中,有利于主机和客户机之间的通信;主服务器管理;
- Repl_client_priv:用户可以确定复制从服务器和主服务器的位置;从服务器管理;
- Create_view_priv:用户可以创建视图;此权限只在MySQL 5.0及更高版本中有意义;
- Show_view_priv:用户可以查看视图或了解视图如何执行;此权限只在MySQL 5.0及更高版本中有意义;
- Create_routine_priv:用户可以更改或放弃存储过程和函数;此权限是在MySQL 5.0中引入的;
- Alter_routine_priv:用户可以修改或删除存储函数及函数;此权限是在MySQL 5.0中引入的;
- Create_user_priv:用户可以执行CREATE USER命令,这个命令用于创建新的MySQL账户;
- Event_priv:用户能否创建、修改和删除事件;这个权限是MySQL 5.1.6新增的;
- Trigger_priv:用户能否创建和删除触发器,这个权限是MySQL 5.1.6新增的;
- Create_tablespace_priv:创建表空间
- ssl_type:支持ssl标准加密安全字段
- ssl_cipher:支持ssl标准加密安全字段
- x509_issuer:支持x509标准字段
- x509_subject:支持x509标准字段
- max_questions:0 每小时允许执行多少次查询
- max_updates:0 每小时可以执行多少次更新 :0表示无限制
- max_connections:0 每小时可以建立的多少次连接:0表示无限制
- max_user_connections:0 单用户可以同时具有的连接数:0表示无限制
- plugin:5.5.7开始,mysql引入plugins以进行用户连接时的密码验证,plugin创建外部/代理用户
- authentication_string:通过authentication_string可以控制两者的映射关系,(PAM plugin等,PAM可以支持多个服务名)尤其是在使用代理用户时,并须声明这一点
- password_expired:密码过期 Y,说明该用户密码已过期 N相反