三分钟学会.NET Core Jwt 策略授权认证
一.前言
大家好我又回来了,前几天讲过一个关于Jwt的身份验证最简单的案例,但是功能还是不够强大,不适用于真正的项目,是的,在真正面对复杂而又苛刻的客户中,我们会不知所措,就现在需要将认证授权这一块也变的复杂而又实用起来,那在专业术语中就叫做自定义策略的API认证,本次案例运行在.NET Core 3.0中,最后我们将在swagger中进行浏览,来尝试项目是否正常,对于.NET Core 2.x 版本,这篇文章有些代码不适用,但我会在文中说明。
二.在.NET Core中尝试
我们都知道Jwt是为了认证,微软给我们提供了进城打鬼子的城门,那就是 AuthorizationHandle。
我们首先要实现它,并且我们还可以根据依赖注入的 AuthorizationHandlerContext 来获取上下文,就这样我们就更可以做一些权限的手脚
public class PolicyHandler : AuthorizationHandler<PolicyRequirement>
{
protected override Task HandleRequirementAsync(AuthorizationHandlerContext context, PolicyRequirement requirement)
{
var http = (context.Resource as Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.RouteEndpoint);
var questUrl = "/"+http.RoutePattern.RawText;
//赋值用户权限
var userPermissions = requirement.UserPermissions;
//是否经过验证
var isAuthenticated = context.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated;
if (isAuthenticated)
{
if (userPermissions.Any(u=>u.Url == questUrl))
{
//用户名
var userName = context.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
if (userPermissions.Any(w => w.UserName == userName))
{
context.Succeed(requirement);
}
}
}
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
}
首先,我们重写了 HandleRequirementAsync 方法,如果你看过AspNetCore的源码你一定知道,它是Jwt身份认证的开端,也就是说你重写了它,原来那一套就不会走了,我们观察一下源码,我贴在下面,可以看到这就是一个最基本的授权,通过 context.Succeed(requirement 完成了最后的认证动作!
public class DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement : AuthorizationHandler<DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement>, IAuthorizationRequirement
{
/// <summary>
/// Makes a decision if authorization is allowed based on a specific requirement.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="context">The authorization context.</param>
/// <param name="requirement">The requirement to evaluate.</param>
protected override Task HandleRequirementAsync(AuthorizationHandlerContext context, DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement requirement)
{
var user = context.User;
var userIsAnonymous =
user?.Identity == null ||
!user.Identities.Any(i => i.IsAuthenticated);
if (!userIsAnonymous)
{
context.Succeed(requirement);
}
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
}
那么 Succeed 是一个什么呢?它是一个在 AuthorizationHandlerContext的定义动作,包括Fail() ,也是如此,当然具体实现我们不在细谈,其内部还是挺复杂的,不过我们需要的是 DenyAnonymousAuthorizationRequirement 被当作了抽象的一部分。
public abstract class AuthorizationHandler<TRequirement> : IAuthorizationHandler
where TRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement
{}
好吧,言归正传(看源码挺刺激的),我们刚刚在 PolicyHandler实现了自定义认证策略,上面还说到了两个方法。现在我们在项目中配置并启动它,并且我在代码中也是用了Swagger用于后面的演示。
在 AddJwtBearer中我们添加了jwt验证包括了验证参数以及几个事件处理,这个很基本,不在解释。不过在Swagger中添加jwt的一些功能是在 AddSecurityDefinition 中写入的。
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
//添加策略鉴权模式
services.AddAuthorization(options =>
{
options.AddPolicy("Permission", policy => policy.Requirements.Add(new PolicyRequirement()));
})
.AddAuthentication(s =>
{
//添加JWT Scheme
s.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
s.DefaultScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
s.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
})
//添加jwt验证:
.AddJwtBearer(options =>
{
options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
{
ValidateLifetime = true,//是否验证失效时间
ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30),
ValidateAudience = true,//是否验证Audience
//ValidAudience = Const.GetValidudience(),//Audience
//这里采用动态验证的方式,在重新登陆时,刷新token,旧token就强制失效了
AudienceValidator = (m, n, z) =>
{
return m != null && m.FirstOrDefault().Equals(Const.ValidAudience);
},
ValidateIssuer = true,//是否验证Issuer
ValidIssuer = Const.Domain,//Issuer,这两项和前面签发jwt的设置一致
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,//是否验证SecurityKey
IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Const.SecurityKey))//拿到SecurityKey
};
options.Events = new JwtBearerEvents
{
OnAuthenticationFailed = context =>
{
//Token expired
if (context.Exception.GetType() == typeof(SecurityTokenExpiredException))
{
context.Response.Headers.Add("Token-Expired", "true");
}
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
};
});
services.AddSwaggerGen(c =>
{
c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo
{
Version = "v1",
Title = "HaoZi JWT",
Description = "基于.NET Core 3.0 的JWT 身份验证",
Contact = new OpenApiContact
{
Name = "zaranet",
Email = "zaranet@163.com",
Url = new Uri("http://cnblogs.com/zaranet"),
},
});
c.AddSecurityDefinition("Bearer", new OpenApiSecurityScheme()
{
Description = "在下框中输入请求头中需要添加Jwt授权Token:Bearer Token",
Name = "Authorization",
In = ParameterLocation.Header,
Type = SecuritySchemeType.ApiKey,
BearerFormat = "JWT",
Scheme = "Bearer"
});
c.AddSecurityRequirement(new OpenApiSecurityRequirement
{
{
new OpenApiSecurityScheme
{
Reference = new OpenApiReference {
Type = ReferenceType.SecurityScheme,
Id = "Bearer"
}
},
new string[] { }
}
});
});
//认证服务
services.AddSingleton<IAuthorizationHandler, PolicyHandler>();
services.AddControllers();
}
在以上代码中,我们通过鉴权模式添加了认证规则,一个名叫 PolicyRequirement 的类,它实现了 IAuthorizationRequirement 接口,其中我们需要定义一些规则,通过构造函数我们可以添加我们要识别的权限规则。那个UserName就是 Attribute 。
public class PolicyRequirement : IAuthorizationRequirement
{/// <summary>
/// User rights collection
/// </summary>
public List<UserPermission> UserPermissions { get; private set; }
/// <summary>
/// No permission action
/// </summary>
public string DeniedAction { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// structure
/// </summary>
public PolicyRequirement()
{
//Jump to this route without permission
DeniedAction = new PathString("/api/nopermission");
//Route configuration that users have access to, of course you can read it from the database, you can also put it in Redis for persistence
UserPermissions = new List<UserPermission> {
new UserPermission { Url="/api/value3", UserName="admin"},
};
}
}
public class UserPermission
{
public string UserName { get; set; }
public string Url { get; set; }
}
随后我们应当启动我们的服务,在.NET Core 3.0 中身份验证的中间件位置需要在路由和端点配置的中间。
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
app.UseSwagger();
app.UseSwaggerUI(c =>
{
c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "My API V1");
});
app.UseRouting();
app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
{
endpoints.MapControllers();
});
}
我们通常会有一个获取token的API,用于让Jwt通过 JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token) 用于生成我们的token,虽然jwt是没有状态的,但你应该也明白,如果你的jwt生成了随后你重启了你的网站,你的jwt会失效,这个是因为你的密钥进行了改变,如果你的密钥一直写死,那么这个jwt将不会再过期,这个还是有安全风险的,这个我不在这里解释,gettoken定义如下:
[ApiController]
public class AuthController : ControllerBase
{
[AllowAnonymous]
[HttpGet]
[Route("api/nopermission")]
public IActionResult NoPermission()
{
return Forbid("No Permission!");
}
/// <summary>
/// login
/// </summary>
[AllowAnonymous]
[HttpGet]
[Route("api/auth")]
public IActionResult Get(string userName, string pwd)
{
if (CheckAccount(userName, pwd, out string role))
{
Const.ValidAudience = userName + pwd + DateTime.Now.ToString();
// push the user’s name into a claim, so we can identify the user later on.
//这里可以随意加入自定义的参数,key可以自己随便起
var claims = new[]
{
new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Nbf,$"{new DateTimeOffset(DateTime.Now).ToUnixTimeSeconds()}") ,
new Claim (JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Exp,$"{new DateTimeOffset(DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(30)).ToUnixTimeSeconds()}"),
new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, userName),
new Claim("Role", role)
};
//sign the token using a secret key.This secret will be shared between your API and anything that needs to check that the token is legit.
var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Const.SecurityKey));
var creds = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);
//.NET Core’s JwtSecurityToken class takes on the heavy lifting and actually creates the token.
var token = new JwtSecurityToken(
issuer: Const.Domain, //颁发者
audience: Const.ValidAudience,//过期时间
expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(30),// 签名证书
signingCredentials: creds, //自定义参数
claims: claims );
return Ok(new
{
token = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token)
});
}
else
{
return BadRequest(new { message = "username or password is incorrect." });
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 模拟登陆校验
/// </summary>
private bool CheckAccount(string userName, string pwd, out string role)
{
role = "user";
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(userName))
return false;
if (userName.Equals("admin"))
role = "admin";
return true;
}
可能比较特别的是 AllowAnonymous ,这个看我文章的同学可能头一次见,其实怎么说好呢,这个可无可有,没有硬性的要求,我看到好几个知名博主加上了,我也加上了~...最后我们创建了几个资源控制器,它们是受保护的。
在你添加策略权限的时候例如政策名称是XXX,那么在对应的api表头就应该是XXX,随后到了 PolicyHandler我们解析了 Claims 处理了它是否有权限。
// GET api/values1
[HttpGet]
[Route("api/value1")]
public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get()
{
return new string[] { "value1", "value1" };
}
// GET api/values2
/**
* 该接口用Authorize特性做了权限校验,如果没有通过权限校验,则http返回状态码为401
*/
[HttpGet]
[Route("api/value2")]
[Authorize]
public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get2()
{
var auth = HttpContext.AuthenticateAsync().Result.Principal.Claims;
var userName = auth.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Type.Equals(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier))?.Value;
return new string[] { "这个接口登陆过的都能访问", $"userName={userName}" };
}
/**
* 这个接口必须用admin
**/
[HttpGet]
[Route("api/value3")]
[Authorize("Permission")]
public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get3()
{
//这是获取自定义参数的方法
var auth = HttpContext.AuthenticateAsync().Result.Principal.Claims;
var userName = auth.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Type.Equals(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier))?.Value;
var role = auth.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Type.Equals("Role"))?.Value;
return new string[] { "这个接口有管理员权限才可以访问", $"userName={userName}", $"Role={role}" };
}
三.效果图
四.栗子源代码和以往版本
看到很多前辈彩的坑,原来的 (context.Resource as Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing.RouteEndpoint); 实际上在.NET Core 3.0 已经不能用了,原因是.NET Core 3.0 启用 EndpointRouting 后,权限filter不再添加到 ActionDescriptor ,而将权限直接作为中间件运行,同时所有filter都会添加到 endpoint.Metadata ,如果在.NET Core 2.1 & 2.2 版本中你通常Handler可以这么写:
public class PolicyHandler : AuthorizationHandler<PolicyRequirement>
{
protected override Task HandleRequirementAsync(AuthorizationHandlerContext context, PolicyRequirement requirement)
{
//赋值用户权限
var userPermissions = requirement.UserPermissions;
//从AuthorizationHandlerContext转成HttpContext,以便取出表求信息
var httpContext = (context.Resource as Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Filters.AuthorizationFilterContext).HttpContext;
//请求Url
var questUrl = httpContext.Request.Path.Value.ToUpperInvariant();
//是否经过验证
var isAuthenticated = httpContext.User.Identity.IsAuthenticated;
if (isAuthenticated)
{
if (userPermissions.GroupBy(g => g.Url).Any(w => w.Key.ToUpperInvariant() == questUrl))
{
//用户名
var userName = httpContext.User.Claims.SingleOrDefault(s => s.Type == ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier).Value;
if (userPermissions.Any(w => w.UserName == userName && w.Url.ToUpperInvariant() == questUrl))
{
context.Succeed(requirement);
}
else
{
//无权限跳转到拒绝页面
httpContext.Response.Redirect(requirement.DeniedAction);
}
}
else
context.Succeed(requirement);
}
return Task.CompletedTask;
}
}
该案例源代码在我的Github上:https://github.com/zaranetCore/aspNetCore_JsonwebToken/tree/master/Jwt_Policy_Demo 谢谢大家