SQLAlchemy ——— （8）

一. 介绍

SQLAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。该框架建立在 DB API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将类和对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。

它只能创建和删除表，不能修改表的结构

pip3 install sqlalchemy

 

组成部分：

• Engine，框架的引擎
• Connection Pooling ，数据库连接池
• Dialect，选择连接数据库的DB API种类
• Schema/Types，架构和类型
• SQL Exprression Language，SQL表达式语言

SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：

MySQL-Python
    mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
    
pymysql
    mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
    
MySQL-Connector
    mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
    
cx_Oracle
    oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
    
更多：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html

SQLAlchemy表结构

 创建单表

import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index

Base = declarative_base()


class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False)
    email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)

    __table_args__ = (
        UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),    #id和name联合唯一
        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'),            #索引
    )


def init_db():
    """
    根据类创建数据库表
    :return:
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    """
    根据类删除数据库表
    :return:
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    drop_db()
    init_db()

 创建多个表（包含FK，M2M关系）

import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

Base = declarative_base()


# ##################### 单表示例 #########################
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    age = Column(Integer, default=18)
    email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)

    __table_args__ = (
        # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )


class Hosts(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'hosts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)


# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
class Hobby(Base):
    '''爱好'''
    __tablename__ = 'hobby'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')


class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))    #hobby指的__tablename__ = 'hobby'，而不是类名Hobby

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')


# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################

#第三张表要自己生成
class Server2Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server2group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))


class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)


def init_db():
    """
    根据类创建数据库表
    :return:
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    """
    根据类删除数据库表
    :return:
    """
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    drop_db()
    init_db()

实例：

import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

Base = declarative_base()


# ##################### 单表示例 #########################
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    age = Column(Integer, default=18)
    email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)

    __table_args__ = (
        # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )


class Hosts(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'hosts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)


# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
class Hobby(Base):
    '''爱好'''
    __tablename__ = 'hobby'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')


class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))    #hobby指的__tablename__ = 'hobby'，而不是类名Hobby

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')


# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################

#第三张表要自己生成
class Server2Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server2group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))


class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)

    # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便
    servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    engine = create_engine(
        "mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8",
        max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
        pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
        pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
        pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
    )

    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)   #创建

    # Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)   #删除

SQLAlchemy两种连接方式

 第一种

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
import models

#1.创建连接池
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

#2.从连接池中获取数据库连接
session = Session()

#3.执行ORM操作
obj1 = models.Users(name="derek",email='derek@163.com')
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
session.commit()

# 4.关闭数据库连接(将连接放回连接池)
session.close()

 

第二种、基于scoped_session实现线程安全

首先导入，然后只要修改session = scoped_session(Session)

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
import models

#1.创建连接池
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

#2.从连接池中获取数据库连接
# session = Session()
session = scoped_session(Session)

#3.执行ORM操作
obj1 = models.Users(name="jack",email='jack@163.com')
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
session.commit()

# 4.关闭数据库连接
session.close()

 

SQLALchemy基本操作

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
import models

#1.创建连接池
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

#2.从连接池中获取数据库连接
session = Session()
# session = scoped_session(Session)

# #3.执行ORM操作
# obj1 = models.Users(name="jack",email='jack@163.com')
# session.add(obj1)
# # 提交事务
# session.commit()

#批量增加,里面是列表
session.add_all([
    models.Users(name="jack1",email='jack1@163.com'),
    models.Users(name="jack2",email='jack2@163.com'),
])
session.commit()

# 4.关闭数据库连接
session.close()

#查看数据
user_list = session.query(models.Users).all()
for row in user_list:
    print(row.id)
    print(row.name)
    print(row.email)
    print(row.ctime)

user_list = session.query(models.Users).filter(models.Users.id > 2)   #id大于2的

#删除数据
session.query(models.Users).filter(models.Users.id > 4).delete()
session.commit()

#修改数据
session.query(models.Users).filter(models.Users.id == 4).update({'name':'Tom'})
session.query(models.Users).filter(models.Users.id == 1).update({'name': models.Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(models.Users).filter(models.Users.id == 3).update({"age": models.Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") 
session.commit()

可以实现字段中字符串的拼接，和字段中数字的相加

结果

# ################ 添加 ################
"""
obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
session.add(obj1)

session.add_all([
    Users(name="wupeiqi"),
    Users(name="alex"),
    Hosts(name="c1.com"),
])
session.commit()
"""

# ################ 删除 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 修改 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 查询 ################
"""
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
"""


session.close()

#　条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
    or_(
        Users.id < 2,
        and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
        Users.extra != ""
    )).all()


# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()

# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]

# 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()

# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func

ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()

ret = session.query(
    func.max(Users.id),
    func.sum(Users.id),
    func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()

# 连表

ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()

ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()


# 组合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()

q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading

from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

session = Session()

# 查询
# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
# result = cursor.fetchall()

# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)

session.close()

跨表查询

添加数据  

session.add_all([
    models.Hobby(caption="姑娘"),
    models.Hobby(caption="篮球")
])
session.commit()

session.add_all([
    models.Person(name="a",hobby_id=2),
    models.Person(name="b",hobby_id=2),
    models.Person(name="c",hobby_id=1),
    models.Person(name="d",hobby_id=1),
])
session.commit()

通过一查多

hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))    #hobby指的__tablename__ = 'hobby'，而不是类名Hobby

# 根据一查多
obj = session.query(models.Person).filter(models.Person.nid==1).first()
print(obj.hobby_id)

通过多查一

 hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')

obj = session.query(models.Hobby).filter(models.Hobby.id==1).first()
print(obj.pers)

数据的插入　　

hb = models.Hobby(caption='人妖')
hb.pers = [models.Person(name='文飞'), models.Person(name='博雅')]
session.add(hb)
session.commit()