Django 的ORM 数据操作
from teatcher.models import Student 导入app(teatcher)下的模型(Student)
In [11]: res = Student.objects.all().query In [12]: print(res) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name`, `teatcher_student`.`sex`, `teatcher_student`.`age`, `teatcher_student`.`qq`, `teatcher_student`.`phone`, `teatcher_student`.`c_time`, `teatcher_student`.`m_time` FROM `teatcher_student` # Student.ojbects.all() 和select * from Student 效果一样. 返回是object
1.常用的模型字段类型
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/models/fields/#field-types
2.字段的常用参数
官方文档：https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/models/fields/#field-options
id = models.IntegerField(primary_key=True) # 主键
mame = models.CharField(max_length=50,unique=True) # unqiue 唯一
num = models.CharField('班级编号203班,102班',max_length=20, unique=True) 备注,最大长度,唯一
qq = models.CharField(max_length=20, default='') # 字符类型
phone = models.CharField(max_length=30,default='')
c_time = models.DateTimeField('创建时间', auto_now_add=True) # auto_now_add 只加一次
m_time = models.DateTimeField('修改时间', auto_now=True) # auto_now 每次修改 会更新
3.常用查询*****
通过模型类上的管理器来构造QuerySet。
- 模型类上的管理器是啥？
**模型类.objects:
如: Student.objects object 是 Student 实例的管理器
- QuerySet 表示数据库中对象的集合。
等同于select 语句。 惰性的
案例：
- first() 获取第一条 返回的是对象
- last() 获取最后一条 返回的也是一个对象
In [12]: Student.objects.first() Out[12]: <Student: 啊呆-18> #返回对象 In [13]: Student.objects.last() Out[13]: <Student: 小红-21>
In [20]: res = Student.objects.last()
In [21]: print(res)
小红-21
In [22]: res .qq
Out[22]: '28456'
In [23]: print(res)
小红-21
思考：排序规则？ 默认通过主键。通过_meta 设置
- get(**kwargs) 根据给定的条件，获取一个对象，如果有多个对象符合，保存
Student.objects.get(id=1) #get 和 主键配合,, get(pk=1) ,获取到多条结果时,会报错. Out[29]: <Student: 啊呆-18>
- all() 获取所有记录 返回的是queryset
- filter(**kwargs) 根据给定的条件，获取一个过滤后的queryset，多个条件使用and连接。
In [32]: Student.objects.filter(age=18) Out[32]: <QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>]> In [33]: Student.objects.filter(age=18,sex=1) 多个条件','分割 Out[33]: <QuerySet [<Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>]>
In [35]: res = Student.objects.filter(age=18,sex=1) #返回 对象集
In [36]: res[0].name
Out[36]: '小张'
- exclude(**kwargs) 跟filter使用方法一致，作用想反，它是排除。
# exclude 不包含的意思.不包含 age=18,sex=1的 In [38]: res = Student.objects.exclude(age=18,sex=1) In [39]: print(res) <QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小绿-19>, <Student: 小红-21>]>
In [45]:print(res.query)
In [45]:SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name`, `teatcher_student`.`sex`, `teatcher_student`.`age`, `teatcher_student`.`qq`, `teatcher_student`.`phone`, `teatcher_student`.`c_time`, `teatcher_student`.`m_time` FROM `teatcher_student` WHERE NOT (`teatcher_student`.`age` = 18 AND `teatcher_student`.`sex` = 1)
- 多条件的OR连接 用到Q对象，django.db.models.Q
In [41]: from django.db.models import Q
Student.objects.filter(Q(age=0)|Q(age=18))'
<QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>]>
QuerySet[0].name 取值 ,<><表示是一个对象>
- values(*fields) 返回一个queryset，返回一个字典列表，而不是数据对象。
In [50]: Student.objects.values('name') Out[50]: <QuerySet [{'name': '啊呆'}, {'name': '小张'}, {'name': '小黄'}, {'name': '小兰'}, {'name': '小绿'}, {'name': '小红'}]>
In [54]: print(res.query)
SELECT `teatcher_student`.`name` FROM `teatcher_student`
In [51]: Student.objects.values('name','sex')
Out[51]: <QuerySet [{'name': '啊呆', 'sex': 0}, {'name': '小张', 'sex': 1}, {'name': '小黄', 'sex': 1}, {'name': '小兰', 'sex': 1}, {'name': '小绿', 'sex': 0}, {'name':x': 0}]>
- only(*fiels) 返回querySet ，对象列表，注意only一定包含主键字段
In [55]: res =Student.objects.only('name') In [58]: print(res.query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name` FROM `teatcher_student` In [59]: print(res) <QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>, <Student: 小绿-19>, <Student: 小红-21>]>
- defer(*fields) 返回一个QuerySet，作用和only相反
不包含 *fidelfs 的记录
In [60]: res =Student.objects.defer('name') In [61]: print(res.query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`sex`, `teatcher_student`.`age`, `teatcher_student`.`qq`, `teatcher_student`.`phone`, `teatcher_student`.`c_time`, `teatcher_student`.`m_time` FROM `teatcher_student` In [62]: print(res) <QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>, <Student: 小绿-19>, <Student: 小红-21>]>
- order_by(*fields) 根据给定的字段来排序 默认是顺序，字段名前加上 ‘-’代表反序
- 切片 和python的列表切片用法相似，不支持负索引，数据量大时不用步长
*** 切片过后，不再支持，附加过滤条件与排序
In [63]: res =Student.objects.defer('name').order_by('name') In [64]: print(res) <QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>, <Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小红-21>, <Student: 小绿-19>, <Student: 小黄-18>]> In [65]: print(res.query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`sex`, `teatcher_student`.`age`, `teatcher_student`.`qq`, `teatcher_student`.`phone`, `teatcher_student`.`c_time`, `teatcher_student`.`m_time` FROM `teatcher_student` ORDER BY `teatcher_student`.`name` ASC
查询结果 切片
In [9]: Student.objects.all() Out[9]: <QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>, <Student: 小绿-19>, <Student: 小红-21>]> In [10]: Student.objects.all()[2:4] # 查询返回结果中的第三到第四条 Out[10]: <QuerySet [<Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>]>
print(Student.objects.all()[2:4].query)
SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name`, `teatcher_student`.`sex`, `teatcher_student`.`age`, `teatcher_student`.`qq`, `teatcher_student`.`phone`, `teatcher_student`.`c_time`, `teatcher_student`.`m_time` FROM `teatcher_student` LIMIT 2 OFFSET 2
- 常用查询条件 filter，exclude， get
- exact
(字段名__exact=19) 等同 (字段=19) Student.objects.get(age__exact=19) Out[15]: <Student: 小绿-19>
- iexact
In [21]: Student.objects.create(name='zhuoDa') # 字段=xXXXx i 表示 忽略大小写
Out[21]: <Student: zhuoDa-0>
In [22]: Student.objects.only('name').filter(name__iexact='zhuoda')
Out[22]: <QuerySet [<Student: zhuoda-0>, <Student: Zhuoda-0>, <Student: ZhuoDa-0>, <Student: zhuoDa-0>]>
- contains
- icontains
- contains # 包含 like %xxx% - icontains# 忽略大小写的 包含 like %xxx%
BINARY 关键字,区分大小写
In [25]: print(Student.objects.only('name').filter(name__contains='da').query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name` FROM `teatcher_student` WHERE `teatcher_student`.`name` LIKE BINARY %da% In [26]: print(Student.objects.only('name').filter(name__icontains='da').query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name` FROM `teatcher_student` WHERE `teatcher_student`.`name` LIKE %da%
- in
In [34]: Student.objects.only('name').filter(name__in=['小张','小黄']) # (name__in=[1,2,3,4,5]) Out[34]: <QuerySet [<Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>]>
- range
In [36]: Student.objects.only('name').filter(age__range=(5,50)) # range(小,大) 只能 从小 到大 写. Out[36]: <QuerySet [<Student: 啊呆-18>, <Student: 小张-18>, <Student: 小黄-18>, <Student: 小兰-18>, <Student: 小绿-19>, <Student: 小红-21>]>
In [37]: print(Student.objects.only('name','age').filter(age__range=(5,50)).query)
SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name`, `teatcher_student`.`age` FROM `teatcher_student` WHERE `teatcher_student`.`age` BETWEEN 5 AND 50
- gt
- gte
- lt
- lte
In [38]: print(Student.objects.only('name','age').filter(age__gt=5).query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name`, `teatcher_student`.`age` FROM `teatcher_student` WHERE `teatcher_student`.`age` > 5
- startswith # 什么开头的
- istartswith # 什么 开头 忽略大小写
- endswith # 什么结尾的
- iendswith # 什么 结尾 忽略大小写
In [39]: print(Student.objects.only('name','age').filter(name__startswith='z').query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name`, `teatcher_student`.`age` FROM `teatcher_student` WHERE `teatcher_student`.`name` LIKE BINARY z% In [40]: print(Student.objects.only('name','age').filter(name__istartswith='z').query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`id`, `teatcher_student`.`name`, `teatcher_student`.`age` FROM `teatcher_student` WHERE `teatcher_student`.`name` LIKE z%
- isnull True False 对应 IS NULL IS NOT NULL
- 聚合
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
通过queryset的aggregate方法
Student.objects.aggregate(age_avg=Avg('age')) # 计算平均年龄
- count
- 平均值 Avg
- 分组，聚合
结合 Values,annotate 和聚合方法一起实现
In [42]: from django.db.models import Count,Avg,Max,Min,Sum In [44]: Student.objects.aggregate(age_avg=Avg('age')) #(临时字段名= Avg('字段')) Out[44]: {'age_avg': 11.2} In [46]: Student.objects.aggregate(ages=Min('age')) Out[46]: {'ages': 0} In [47]: Student.objects.aggregate(ages=Max('age')) Out[47]: {'ages': 21} In [48]: Student.objects.aggregate(ages=Count('age')) Out[48]: {'ages': 10}
查询男生有几个，女生有几个
In [49]: Student.objects.values('sex').annotate(num=Count('sex')) Out[49]: <QuerySet [{'sex': 0, 'num': 7}, {'sex': 1, 'num': 3}]> In [50]: print(Student.objects.values('sex').annotate(num=Count('sex')).query) SELECT `teatcher_student`.`sex`, COUNT(`teatcher_student`.`sex`) AS `num` FROM `teatcher_student` GROUP BY `teatcher_student`.`sex` ORDER BY NULL
****按字段的小写 排序
关键字:Lower
In [6]: from django.db.models.functions import Lower In [7]: student.objects.all() Out[7]:^[[A^[[A<QuerySet [<student: 第一条-18>, <student: 第二条-18>, <student: 第三条-22>, <student: 第四条-18>]> In [8]: student.objects.order_by(Lower('name')) Out[8]: <QuerySet [<student: 第一条-18>, <student: 第三条-22>, <student: 第二条-18>, <student: 第四条-18>]> In [9]: print(student.objects.order_by(Lower('name')).query) SELECT `student_student`.`id`, `student_student`.`name`, `student_student`.`sex`, `student_student`.`age`, `student_student`.`qq`, `student_student`.`phone`, `student_student`.`c_time` FROM `student_student` ORDER BY LOWER(`student_student`.`name`) ASC
非数值类型的倒序
In [12]: student.objects.order_by(Lower('name').desc()) Out[12]: <QuerySet [<student: 第四条-18>, <student: 第二条-18>, <student: 第三条-22>, <student: 第一条-18>]>
In [13]: print(student.objects.order_by(Lower('name').desc()).query)
SELECT `student_student`.`id`, `student_student`.`name`, `student_student`.`sex`, `student_student`.`age`, `student_student`.`qq`, `student_student`.`phone`, `student_student`.`c_time` FROM `student_student` ORDER BY LOWER(`student_student`.`name`) DESC
4.表关系实现
