线程、进程和协程
Python线程
Threading用于提供线程相关的操作,线程是应用程序中工作的最小单元。
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import threading import time def show(arg): time.sleep( 1 ) print 'thread' + str (arg) for i in range ( 10 ): t = threading.Thread(target = show, args = (i,)) t.start() print 'main thread stop' |
上述代码创建了10个“前台”线程,然后控制器就交给了CPU,CPU根据指定算法进行调度,分片执行指令。
更多方法:
- start 线程准备就绪,等待CPU调度
- setName 为线程设置名称
- getName 获取线程名称
- setDaemon 设置为后台线程或前台线程(默认)
如果是后台线程,主线程执行过程中,后台线程也在进行,主线程执行完毕后,后台线程不论成功与否,均停止
如果是前台线程,主线程执行过程中,前台线程也在进行,主线程执行完毕后,等待前台线程也执行完成后,程序停止 - join 逐个执行每个线程,执行完毕后继续往下执行,该方法使得多线程变得无意义
- run 线程被cpu调度后自动执行线程对象的run方法
import threading
import time
class MyThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self,num):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.num = num
def run(self):#定义每个线程要运行的函数
print("running on number:%s" %self.num)
time.sleep(3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
t1 = MyThread(1)
t2 = MyThread(2)
t1.start()
t2.start()
线程锁(Lock、RLock)
由于线程之间是进行随机调度,并且每个线程可能只执行n条执行之后,当多个线程同时修改同一条数据时可能会出现脏数据,所以,出现了线程锁 - 同一时刻允许一个线程执行操作。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import threading
import time
gl_num = 0
def show(arg):
global gl_num
time.sleep(1)
gl_num +=1
print gl_num
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=show, args=(i,))
t.start()
print 'main thread stop'
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#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import threading import time gl_num = 0 lock = threading.RLock() def Func(): lock.acquire() global gl_num gl_num + = 1 time.sleep( 1 ) print gl_num lock.release() for i in range ( 10 ): t = threading.Thread(target = Func) t.start() |
信号量(Semaphore)
互斥锁 同时只允许一个线程更改数据,而Semaphore是同时允许一定数量的线程更改数据 ,比如厕所有3个坑,那最多只允许3个人上厕所,后面的人只能等里面有人出来了才能再进去。
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import threading,time def run(n): semaphore.acquire() time.sleep(1) print( "run the thread: %s" %n) semaphore.release() if __name__ == '__main__' : num= 0 semaphore = threading.BoundedSemaphore(5) #最多允许5个线程同时运行 for i in range(20): t = threading.Thread(target=run,args=(i,)) t.start() |
事件(event)
python线程的事件用于主线程控制其他线程的执行,事件主要提供了三个方法 set、wait、clear。
事件处理的机制:全局定义了一个“Flag”,如果“Flag”值为 False,那么当程序执行 event.wait 方法时就会阻塞,如果“Flag”值为True,那么event.wait 方法时便不再阻塞。
- clear:将“Flag”设置为False
- set:将“Flag”设置为True
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import threading def do(event): print 'start' event.wait() print 'execute' event_obj = threading.Event() for i in range ( 10 ): t = threading.Thread(target = do, args = (event_obj,)) t.start() event_obj.clear() inp = raw_input ( 'input:' ) if inp = = 'true' : event_obj. set () |
条件(Condition)
使得线程等待,只有满足某条件时,才释放n个线程
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import threading def run(n): con.acquire() con.wait() print( "run the thread: %s" %n) con.release() if __name__ == '__main__' : con = threading.Condition() for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=run, args=(i,)) t.start() while True: inp = input( '>>>' ) if inp == 'q' : break con.acquire() con.notify(int(inp)) con.release() |
def condition_func():
ret = False
inp = input('>>>')
if inp == '1':
ret = True
return ret
def run(n):
con.acquire()
con.wait_for(condition_func)
print("run the thread: %s" %n)
con.release()
if __name__ == '__main__':
con = threading.Condition()
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=run, args=(i,))
t.start()
Timer
定时器,指定n秒后执行某操作
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from threading import Timer def hello(): print( "hello, world" ) t = Timer(1, hello) t.start() # after 1 seconds, "hello, world" will be printed |
Python 进程
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from multiprocessing import Process import threading import time def foo(i): print 'say hi' ,i for i in range ( 10 ): p = Process(target = foo,args = (i,)) p.start() |
注意:由于进程之间的数据需要各自持有一份,所以创建进程需要的非常大的开销。
进程数据共享
进程各自持有一份数据,默认无法共享数据
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
from multiprocessing import Process
from multiprocessing import Manager
import time
li = []
def foo(i):
li.append(i)
print 'say hi',li
for i in range(10):
p = Process(target=foo,args=(i,))
p.start()
print 'ending',li
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#方法一,Array from multiprocessing import Process,Array temp = Array( 'i' , [ 11 , 22 , 33 , 44 ]) def Foo(i): temp[i] = 100 + i for item in temp: print i, '----->' ,item for i in range ( 2 ): p = Process(target = Foo,args = (i,)) p.start() #方法二:manage.dict()共享数据 from multiprocessing import Process,Manager manage = Manager() dic = manage. dict () def Foo(i): dic[i] = 100 + i print dic.values() for i in range ( 2 ): p = Process(target = Foo,args = (i,)) p.start() p.join() |
'c': ctypes.c_char, 'u': ctypes.c_wchar,
'b': ctypes.c_byte, 'B': ctypes.c_ubyte,
'h': ctypes.c_short, 'H': ctypes.c_ushort,
'i': ctypes.c_int, 'I': ctypes.c_uint,
'l': ctypes.c_long, 'L': ctypes.c_ulong,
'f': ctypes.c_float, 'd': ctypes.c_double
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
def f(i,q):
print(i,q.get())
if __name__ == '__main__':
q = Queue()
q.put("h1")
q.put("h2")
q.put("h3")
for i in range(10):
p = Process(target=f, args=(i,q,))
p.start()
当创建进程时(非使用时),共享数据会被拿到子进程中,当进程中执行完毕后,再赋值给原值。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from multiprocessing import Process, Array, RLock
def Foo(lock,temp,i):
"""
将第0个数加100
"""
lock.acquire()
temp[0] = 100+i
for item in temp:
print i,'----->',item
lock.release()
lock = RLock()
temp = Array('i', [11, 22, 33, 44])
for i in range(20):
p = Process(target=Foo,args=(lock,temp,i,))
p.start()
进程池
进程池内部维护一个进程序列,当使用时,则去进程池中获取一个进程,如果进程池序列中没有可供使用的进进程,那么程序就会等待,直到进程池中有可用进程为止。
进程池中有两个方法:
- apply
- apply_async
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from multiprocessing import Process,Pool import time def Foo(i): time.sleep( 2 ) return i + 100 def Bar(arg): print arg pool = Pool( 5 ) #print pool.apply(Foo,(1,)) #print pool.apply_async(func =Foo, args=(1,)).get() for i in range ( 10 ): pool.apply_async(func = Foo, args = (i,),callback = Bar) print 'end' pool.close() pool.join() #进程池中进程执行完毕后再关闭,如果注释,那么程序直接关闭。 |
协程
线程和进程的操作是由程序触发系统接口,最后的执行者是系统;协程的操作则是程序员。
协程存在的意义:对于多线程应用,CPU通过切片的方式来切换线程间的执行,线程切换时需要耗时(保存状态,下次继续)。协程,则只使用一个线程,在一个线程中规定某个代码块执行顺序。
协程的适用场景:当程序中存在大量不需要CPU的操作时(IO),适用于协程;
greenlet
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from greenlet import greenlet def test1(): print 12 gr2.switch() print 34 gr2.switch() def test2(): print 56 gr1.switch() print 78 gr1 = greenlet(test1) gr2 = greenlet(test2) gr1.switch() |
gevent
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import gevent def foo(): print ( 'Running in foo' ) gevent.sleep( 0 ) print ( 'Explicit context switch to foo again' ) def bar(): print ( 'Explicit context to bar' ) gevent.sleep( 0 ) print ( 'Implicit context switch back to bar' ) gevent.joinall([ gevent.spawn(foo), gevent.spawn(bar), ]) |
遇到IO操作自动切换:
from gevent import monkey; monkey.patch_all()
import gevent
import urllib2
def f(url):
print('GET: %s' % url)
resp = urllib2.urlopen(url)
data = resp.read()
print('%d bytes received from %s.' % (len(data), url))
gevent.joinall([
gevent.spawn(f, 'https://www.python.org/'),
gevent.spawn(f, 'https://www.yahoo.com/'),
gevent.spawn(f, 'https://github.com/'),
])