Python开发【第六篇】：模块
模块，用一砣代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。
类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程，函数式编程则完成一个功能，其他代码用来调用即可，提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来，可能需要多个函数才能完成（函数又可以在不同的.py文件中），n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。
如：os 是系统相关的模块；file是文件操作相关的模块
模块分为三种：
- 自定义模块
- 第三方模块
- 内置模块
自定义模块
1、定义模块
情景一：
情景二：
情景三：
2、导入模块
Python之所以应用越来越广泛，在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用，如果想要使用模块，则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法：
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import modulefrom module.xx.xx import xxfrom module.xx.xx import xx as rename from module.xx.xx import * |
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
- 导入一个py文件，解释器解释该py文件
- 导入一个包，解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件 【py2.7】
那么问题来了，导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢？即：sys.path
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import sysprint sys.path 结果：['/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator/p1/pp1', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-15.2-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/MySQL_python-1.2.4b4-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlutils-1.7.1-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlwt-1.0.0-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlrd-0.9.3-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/tornado-4.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/backports.ssl_match_hostname-3.4.0.2-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/certifi-2015.4.28-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.15.1-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/six-1.9.0-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography-0.9.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cffi-1.1.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipaddress-1.0.7-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/enum34-1.0.4-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyasn1-0.1.7-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna-2.0-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pycparser-2.13-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.7.8-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paramiko-1.10.1-py2.7.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/gevent-1.0.2-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/greenlet-0.4.7-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg', '/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python27.zip', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-darwin', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-old', '/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages', '/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages'] |
如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径，可以通过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加。
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import sysimport osproject_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))sys.path.append(project_path) |
模块
内置模块是Python自带的功能，在使用内置模块相应的功能时，需要【先导入】再【使用】
一、sys
用于提供对Python解释器相关的操作：
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sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息sys.maxint 最大的Int值sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称sys.stdin 输入相关sys.stdout 输出相关sys.stderror 错误相关 |
import sys
import time
def view_bar(num, total):
rate = float(num) / float(total)
rate_num = int(rate * 100)
r = '\r%d%%' % (rate_num, )
sys.stdout.write(r)
sys.stdout.flush()
if __name__ == '__main__':
for i in range(0, 100):
time.sleep(0.1)
view_bar(i, 100)
二、os
用于提供系统级别的操作：
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os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cdos.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.')os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')os.makedirs('dir1/dir2') 可生成多层递归目录os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirnameos.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirnameos.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印os.remove() 删除一个文件os.rename("oldname","new") 重命名文件/目录os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息os.sep 操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"os.linesep 当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"os.pathsep 用于分割文件路径的字符串os.name 字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示os.environ 获取系统环境变量os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回Falseos.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回Trueos.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间 |
三、hashlib
用于加密相关的操作，代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
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import hashlib# ######## md5 ########hash = hashlib.md5()# help(hash.update)hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest())print(hash.digest())######## sha1 ########hash = hashlib.sha1()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha256 ########hash = hashlib.sha256()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha384 ########hash = hashlib.sha384()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha512 ########hash = hashlib.sha512()hash.update(bytes('admin', encoding='utf-8'))print(hash.hexdigest()) |
以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害，但时候存在缺陷，即：通过撞库可以反解。所以，有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。
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import hashlib# ######## md5 ########hash = hashlib.md5(bytes('898oaFs09f',encoding="utf-8"))hash.update(bytes('admin',encoding="utf-8"))print(hash.hexdigest()) |
python内置还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 进行进一步的处理然后再加密
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import hmach = hmac.new(bytes('898oaFs09f',encoding="utf-8"))h.update(bytes('admin',encoding="utf-8"))print(h.hexdigest()) |
四、random
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import randomprint(random.random())print(random.randint(1, 2))print(random.randrange(1, 10)) |
import random
checkcode = ''
for i in range(4):
current = random.randrange(0,4)
if current != i:
temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))
else:
temp = random.randint(0,9)
checkcode += str(temp)
print checkcode
五、re
python中re模块提供了正则表达式相关操作
字符：
. 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符 \w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字 \s 匹配任意的空白符 \d 匹配数字 \b 匹配单词的开始或结束 ^ 匹配字符串的开始 $ 匹配字符串的结束
次数：
* 重复零次或更多次 + 重复一次或更多次 ? 重复零次或一次 {n} 重复n次 {n,} 重复n次或更多次 {n,m} 重复n到m次
match
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# match，从起始位置开始匹配，匹配成功返回一个对象，未匹配成功返回None match(pattern, string, flags=0) # pattern： 正则模型 # string ： 要匹配的字符串 # falgs ： 匹配模式 X VERBOSE Ignore whitespace and comments for nicer looking RE's. I IGNORECASE Perform case-insensitive matching. M MULTILINE "^" matches the beginning of lines (after a newline) as well as the string. "$" matches the end of lines (before a newline) as well as the end of the string. S DOTALL "." matches any character at all, including the newline. A ASCII For string patterns, make \w, \W, \b, \B, \d, \D match the corresponding ASCII character categories (rather than the whole Unicode categories, which is the default). For bytes patterns, this flag is the only available behaviour and needn't be specified. L LOCALE Make \w, \W, \b, \B, dependent on the current locale. U UNICODE For compatibility only. Ignored for string patterns (it is the default), and forbidden for bytes patterns. |
# 无分组
r = re.match("h\w+", origin)
print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的所有结果
print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
# 有分组
# 为何要有分组？提取匹配成功的指定内容（先匹配成功全部正则，再匹配成功的局部内容提取出来）
r = re.match("h(\w+).*(?P<name>\d)$", origin)
print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的所有结果
print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组中所有执行了key的组
search
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# search,浏览整个字符串去匹配第一个，未匹配成功返回None# search(pattern, string, flags=0) |
# 无分组
r = re.search("a\w+", origin)
print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的所有结果
print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
# 有分组
r = re.search("a(\w+).*(?P<name>\d)$", origin)
print(r.group()) # 获取匹配到的所有结果
print(r.groups()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组结果
print(r.groupdict()) # 获取模型中匹配到的分组中所有执行了key的组
findall
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# findall，获取非重复的匹配列表；如果有一个组则以列表形式返回，且每一个匹配均是字符串；如果模型中有多个组，则以列表形式返回，且每一个匹配均是元祖；# 空的匹配也会包含在结果中#findall(pattern, string, flags=0) |
# 无分组
r = re.findall("a\w+",origin)
print(r)
# 有分组
origin = "hello alex bcd abcd lge acd 19"
r = re.findall("a((\w*)c)(d)", origin)
print(r)
sub
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# sub，替换匹配成功的指定位置字符串sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)# pattern： 正则模型# repl ： 要替换的字符串或可执行对象# string ： 要匹配的字符串# count ： 指定匹配个数# flags ： 匹配模式 |
# 与分组无关
origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"
r = re.sub("a\w+", "999", origin, 2)
print(r)
split
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# split，根据正则匹配分割字符串split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)# pattern： 正则模型# string ： 要匹配的字符串# maxsplit：指定分割个数# flags ： 匹配模式 |
# 无分组
origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"
r = re.split("alex", origin, 1)
print(r)
# 有分组
origin = "hello alex bcd alex lge alex acd 19"
r1 = re.split("(alex)", origin, 1)
print(r1)
r2 = re.split("(al(ex))", origin, 1)
print(r2)
IP：
^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$
手机号：
^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$
邮箱：
[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+(\.[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)+
六、序列化
Python中用于序列化的两个模块
- json 用于【字符串】和 【python基本数据类型】 间进行转换
- pickle 用于【python特有的类型】 和 【python基本数据类型】间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
七、configparser
configparser用于处理特定格式的文件，其本质上是利用open来操作文件。
# 注释1
; 注释2
[section1] # 节点
k1 = v1 # 值
k2:v2 # 值
[section2] # 节点
k1 = v1 # 值
1、获取所有节点
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import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')ret = config.sections()print(ret) |
2、获取指定节点下所有的键值对
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import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')ret = config.items('section1')print(ret) |
3、获取指定节点下所有的建
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import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')ret = config.options('section1')print(ret) |
4、获取指定节点下指定key的值
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import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')v = config.get('section1', 'k1')# v = config.getint('section1', 'k1')# v = config.getfloat('section1', 'k1')# v = config.getboolean('section1', 'k1')print(v) |
5、检查、删除、添加节点
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import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')# 检查has_sec = config.has_section('section1')print(has_sec)# 添加节点config.add_section("SEC_1")config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))# 删除节点config.remove_section("SEC_1")config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w')) |
6、检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对
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import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config.read('xxxooo', encoding='utf-8')# 检查has_opt = config.has_option('section1', 'k1')print(has_opt)# 删除config.remove_option('section1', 'k1')config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w'))# 设置config.set('section1', 'k10', "123")config.write(open('xxxooo', 'w')) |
八、XML
XML是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，XML文件格式如下：
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
1、解析XML
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open('xo.xml', 'r').read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
2、操作XML
XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点，对于每一个节点均有以下功能，以便对当前节点进行操作：
class Element:
"""An XML element.
This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface.
An element's length is its number of subelements. That means if you
want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH
its length AND its text attribute.
The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
bytes or strings.
*tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing
element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as
keyword arguments.
Example form:
<tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail
"""
当前节点的标签名
tag = None
"""The element's name."""
当前节点的属性
attrib = None
"""Dictionary of the element's attributes."""
当前节点的内容
text = None
"""
Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.
Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either
None or the empty string, depending on the parser.
"""
tail = None
"""
Text after this element's end tag, but before the next sibling element's
start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there
was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,
depending on the parser.
"""
def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
attrib.__class__.__name__,))
attrib = attrib.copy()
attrib.update(extra)
self.tag = tag
self.attrib = attrib
self._children = []
def __repr__(self):
return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self))
def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):
创建一个新节点
"""Create a new element with the same type.
*tag* is a string containing the element name.
*attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes.
Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead.
"""
return self.__class__(tag, attrib)
def copy(self):
"""Return copy of current element.
This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the
original tree.
"""
elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)
elem.text = self.text
elem.tail = self.tail
elem[:] = self
return elem
def __len__(self):
return len(self._children)
def __bool__(self):
warnings.warn(
"The behavior of this method will change in future versions. "
"Use specific 'len(elem)' or 'elem is not None' test instead.",
FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now
def __getitem__(self, index):
return self._children[index]
def __setitem__(self, index, element):
# if isinstance(index, slice):
# for elt in element:
# assert iselement(elt)
# else:
# assert iselement(element)
self._children[index] = element
def __delitem__(self, index):
del self._children[index]
def append(self, subelement):
为当前节点追加一个子节点
"""Add *subelement* to the end of this element.
The new element will appear in document order after the last existing
subelement (or directly after the text, if it's the first subelement),
but before the end tag for this element.
"""
self._assert_is_element(subelement)
self._children.append(subelement)
def extend(self, elements):
为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点
"""Append subelements from a sequence.
*elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements.
"""
for element in elements:
self._assert_is_element(element)
self._children.extend(elements)
def insert(self, index, subelement):
在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置
"""Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
self._assert_is_element(subelement)
self._children.insert(index, subelement)
def _assert_is_element(self, e):
# Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
# shadowing C implementation.
if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):
raise TypeError('expected an Element, not %s' % type(e).__name__)
def remove(self, subelement):
在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点
"""Remove matching subelement.
Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on
identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by
other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to
select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update
the parent element.
ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found.
"""
# assert iselement(element)
self._children.remove(subelement)
def getchildren(self):
获取所有的子节点（废弃）
"""(Deprecated) Return all subelements.
Elements are returned in document order.
"""
warnings.warn(
"This method will be removed in future versions. "
"Use 'list(elem)' or iteration over elem instead.",
DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
)
return self._children
def find(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取第一个寻找到的子节点
"""Find first matching element by tag name or path.
*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found.
"""
return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces)
def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):
获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容
"""Find text for first matching element by tag name or path.
*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*default* is the value to return if the element was not found,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
Return text content of first matching element, or default value if
none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text
content, the empty string is returned.
"""
return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces)
def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取所有的子节点
"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.
*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
Returns list containing all matching elements in document order.
"""
return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces)
def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):
获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环）
"""Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.
*path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
*namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order.
"""
return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces)
def clear(self):
清空节点
"""Reset element.
This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets
the text and tail attributes to None.
"""
self.attrib.clear()
self._children = []
self.text = self.tail = None
def get(self, key, default=None):
获取当前节点的属性值
"""Get element attribute.
Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a
bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and
*default* is what to return if the attribute was not found.
Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if
attribute was not found.
"""
return self.attrib.get(key, default)
def set(self, key, value):
为当前节点设置属性值
"""Set element attribute.
Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle
this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and
*value* is the attribute value to set it to.
"""
self.attrib[key] = value
def keys(self):
获取当前节点的所有属性的 key
"""Get list of attribute names.
Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary
Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys()
"""
return self.attrib.keys()
def items(self):
获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对
"""Get element attributes as a sequence.
The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to
attrib.items().
Return a list of (name, value) tuples.
"""
return self.attrib.items()
def iter(self, tag=None):
在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
"""