Django笔记
python版本 3.+
Django version 1.0.1
一、Django基础
Django笔记： 1、Django请求生命周期 -> URL对应关系（匹配） -> 视图函数 -> 返回用户字符串 -> URL对应关系（匹配） -> 视图函数 -> 打开一个HTML文件，读取内容 2、创建django projcet django-admin startproject mysite .. mysite mysite - 配置文件 - url.py - settings.py cd mysite python manage.py startapp cmdb mysite mysite - 配置文件 - url.py - settings.py cmdb - views.py - admin.py - models.py # 创建数据库表 3、配置 模板路径 静态文件路径 # CSRF 4、编写程序 a. url.py /index/ -> func b. views.py def func(request): # 包含所有的请求数据 ... return HttpResponse('字符串') return render(request, 'index.html', {''}) retrun redirect('URL') c. 模板语言 return render(request, 'index.html', {'li': [11,22,33]}) {% for item in li %} <h1>{{item}}</h1> {% endfor %} *********** 索引用点 ********** <h2> {{item.0 }} </h2> 一、路由系统，URL 1、url(r'^index/', views.index), url(r'^home/', views.Home.as_view()), 2、url(r'^detail-(\d+).html', views.detail), 3、url(r'^detail-(?P<nid>\d+)-(?P<uid>\d+).html', views.detail) PS: def detail(request, *args,**kwargs): pass 实战： a. url(r'^detail-(\d+)-(\d+).html', views.detail), def func(request, nid, uid): pass def func(request, *args): args = (2,9) def func(request, *args, **kwargs): args = (2,9) b. url(r'^detail-(?P<nid>\d+)-(?P<uid>\d+).html', views.detail) def func(request, nid, uid): pass def funct(request, **kwargs): kwargs = {'nid': 1, 'uid': 3} def func(request, *args, **kwargs): args = (2,9) 4、 name 对URL路由关系进行命名， ***** 以后可以根据此名称生成自己想要的URL ***** url(r'^asdfasdfasdf/', views.index, name='i1'), url(r'^yug/(\d+)/(\d+)/', views.index, name='i2'), url(r'^buy/(?P<pid>\d+)/(?P<nid>\d+)/', views.index, name='i3'), def func(request, *args, **kwargs): from django.urls import reverse url1 = reverse('i1') # asdfasdfasdf/ url2 = reverse('i2', args=(1,2,)) # yug/1/2/ url3 = reverse('i3', kwargs={'pid': 1, "nid": 9}) # buy/1/9/ xxx.html {% url "i1" %} # asdfasdfasdf/ {% url "i2" 1 2 %} # yug/1/2/ {% url "i3" pid=1 nid=9 %} # buy/1/9/ 注： # 当前的URL request.path_info 5、多级路由 project/urls.py from django.conf.urls import url,include from django.contrib import admin urlpatterns = [ url(r'^cmdb/', include("app01.urls")), url(r'^monitor/', include("app02.urls")), ] app01/urls.py from django.conf.urls import url,include from django.contrib import admin from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^login/', views.login), ] app02/urls.py from django.conf.urls import url,include from django.contrib import admin from app02 import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^login/', views.login), ] 6、默认值（欠） 7、命名空间（欠） 二、视图 1、获取用户请求数据 request.GET request.POST request.FILES PS: GET:获取数据 POST:提交数据 2、checkbox等多选的内容 request.POST.getlist() 3、上传文件 # 上传文件,form标签做特殊设置 obj = request.FILES.get('fafafa') obj.name f = open(obj.name, mode='wb') for item in obj.chunks(): f.write(item) f.close() 4、FBV & CBV function base view url.py index -> 函数名 view.py def 函数(request): ... ====》 /index/ -> 函数名 /index/ -> 类 ====》 建议：两者都用 5、装饰器 欠 三、模板 四、ORM操作 select * from tb where id > 1 # 对应关系 models.tb.objects.filter(id__gt=1) models.tb.objects.filter(id=1) models.tb.objects.filter(id__lt=1) 创建类 a. 先写类 from django.db import models # app01_userinfo class UserInfo(models.Model): # id列，自增，主键 # 用户名列，字符串类型，指定长度 username = models.CharField(max_length=32) password = models.CharField(max_length=64) b. 注册APP INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'app01', ] c. 执行命令 python manage.py makemigrations python manage.py migrate d. ********** 注意 *********** Django默认使用MySQLdb模块链接MySQL 主动修改为pymysql，在project同名文件夹下的__init__文件中添加如下代码即可： import pymysql pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb() 1. 根据类自动创建数据库表 # app下的models.py python manage.py makemigrations python manage.py migrate 字段： 字符串类型 数字 时间 二进制 自增（primary_key=True） 字段的参数： null -> db是否可以为空 default -> 默认值 primary_key -> 主键 db_column -> 列名 db_index -> 索引 unique -> 唯一索引 unique_for_date -> unique_for_month unique_for_year auto_now -> 创建时，自动生成时间 auto_now_add -> 更新时，自动更新为当前时间 # obj = UserGroup.objects.filter(id=1).update(caption='CEO') # obj = UserGroup.objects.filter(id=1).first() # obj.caption = "CEO" # obj.save() choices -> django admin中显示下拉框，避免连表查询 blank -> django admin是否可以为空 verbose_name -> django admin显示字段中文 editable -> django admin是否可以被编辑 error_messages -> 错误信息欠 help_text -> django admin提示 validators -> django form ,自定义错误信息（欠） 创建 Django 用户：python manage.py createsuperuser 2. 根据类对数据库表中的数据进行各种操作 一对多： a. 外检 b. 外键字段_id c. models.tb.object.create(name='root', user_group_id=1) d. userlist = models.tb.object.all() for row in userlist: row.id row.user_group_id row.user_group.caption 参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5246483.html
二、自定义分页
1.pagination.py
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- # Author:Du Fei """ 分页思路： 如果:总页数 < 11 start_index =0 end_index = 总页数 else: 当前页<=6 start_index=1 end_index=11 else: start_index = 当前页 -5 end_index=当前页 +5+1 如果 当前页 + 5 > 总页数： end_index = 总页数 +1 当前页current_page 数据总量：data_count 显示页数：pager_num 每页显示10条数据：per_page_count 显示页数开始索引函数：start() 显示页数结束索引函数：end() 总页数：total_count """ from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe class Page: def __init__(self,current_page,data_count,per_page_count=10,pager_num=11): self.current_page=current_page self.data_count = data_count self.per_page_count =per_page_count self.pager_num = pager_num @property def start(self): return (self.current_page-1) *self.per_page_count @property def end(self): return self.current_page * self.per_page_count @property def total_count(self): # v =len(LIST) v, y = divmod(self.data_count, self.per_page_count) if y: v += 1 return v def page_str(self,base_url): page_list = [] # total_count总页数 if self.total_count < self.pager_num: start_index = 1 end_index = self.total_count + 1 else: if self.current_page <= (self.pager_num + 1) / 2: start_index = 1 end_index = self.pager_num + 1 else: start_index = self.current_page - (self.pager_num - 1) / 2 end_index = self.current_page + (self.pager_num + 1) / 2 if (self.current_page + (self.pager_num - 1) / 2) > self.total_count: end_index = self.total_count + 1 start_index = self.total_count - self.pager_num + 1 if self.current_page == 1: prev = '<a class="page" href="javascript:void(0)">上一页</a>' else: prev = '<a class="page" href="%s?p=%s">上一页</a>' % (base_url,self.current_page - 1,) page_list.append(prev) for i in range(int(start_index), int(end_index)): if i == self.current_page: temp = '<a class="page active" href="%s?p=%s">%s</a>' % (base_url,i, i) else: temp = '<a class="page" href="%s?p=%s">%s</a>' % (base_url,i, i) page_list.append(temp) if self.current_page == self.total_count: nex = '<a class="page" href="javascript:void(0)">下一页</a>' else: nex = '<a class="page" href="%s?p=%s">下一页</a>' % (base_url,self.current_page + 1,) page_list.append(nex) # 跳转 jump = """ <input type='text' /><a onclick='jumpTo(this, "%s?p=");'>GO</a> <script> function jumpTo(ths,base){ var val = ths.previousSibling.value; location.href = base + val; } </script> """ % (base_url,) page_list.append(jump) # page_str ="".join(page_list) page_str = mark_safe("".join(page_list)) return page_str
2.views.py
from django.shortcuts import render from utils import pagination LIST =[] for i in range(500): LIST.append(i) def user_list(request): #current_page当前页 current_page = request.GET.get('p',1) current_page = int(current_page) page_obj = pagination.Page(current_page,len(LIST)) data = LIST[page_obj.start:page_obj.end] page_str = page_obj.page_str("/user_list/") return render(request,'user_list.html',{'li':data,'page_str':page_str})
3.
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <style> .pagination .page{ display: inline-block; padding: 5px; background-color: cyan; margin: 5px; } .pagination .page.active{ background-color: brown; color: white; } </style> </head> <body> <ul> {% for item in li %} {% include 'li.html' %} {% endfor %} </ul> <div class="pagination"> {{ page_str }} </div> </body> </html>
三.原生ajax
1.get请求方式
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse def ajax_json(request): ret ={'code':True,'data':None} print(ret) print(request.method) import json return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret))
ajax.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <input type="text" /> <input type="button" value="Ajax1" onclick="Ajax1();"/> <script> get请求 function Ajax1() { var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); xhr.open('GET','/ajax_json/',true); xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){ if( xhr.readyState == 4){ //接收完毕 console.log(xhr.responseText); var obj=JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); console.log(obj); console.log(obj.code) } }; xhr.setRequestHeader('k1','v1'); xhr.send("name=root;pwd=123") } </script> </body> </html>
2.post请求方式
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse def ajax_json(request): print(request.POST) ret ={'code':True,'data':None} print(ret) print(request.method) import json return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret))
ajax.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <input type="text" /> <input type="button" value="Ajax1" onclick="Ajax1();"/> <script> //opst请求 function Ajax1() { //浏览器兼容 function getXHR(){ var xhr = null; if(XMLHttpRequest){ xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); }else{ xhr = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } return xhr; } {#var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();#} var xhr = getXHR(); xhr.open('POST','/ajax_json/',true); xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){ if( xhr.readyState == 4){ //接收完毕 {#console.log(xhr.responseText);#} var obj=JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); console.log(obj); {#console.log(obj.code)#} } }; {#xhr.setRequestHeader('k1','v1');#} //设置请求头 xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset-UTF-8'); xhr.send("name=root;pwd=123") } </script> </body> </html>
四、文件上传
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse def upload_file(request): username = request.POST.get('username') fafafa = request.FILES.get('fafafa') import os img_path = os.path.join('static/imgs/',fafafa.name) with open(img_path,'wb') as f: for item in fafafa.chunks(): f.write(item) ret = {'code': True , 'data': img_path} import json return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret))
upload.html
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html lang="en"> 3 <head> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title>Title</title> 6 <style> 7 .upload{ 8 display: inline-block; 9 padding: 10px; 10 background-color: brown; 11 position: absolute; 12 top: 0; 13 bottom: 0; 14 right: 0; 15 left: 0; 16 z-index: 90; 17 } 18 .file{ 19 width: 100px;height: 100px;opacity: 0; 20 position: absolute; 21 top: 0; 22 bottom: 0; 23 right: 0; 24 left: 0; 25 z-index: 100; 26 } 27 </style> 28 </head> 29 <body> 30 <div style="position: relative;width: 100px;height: 50px;"> 31 <input class="file" type="file" id="fafafa" name="afafaf"> 32 <a class="upload">上传</a> 33 </div> 34 <p>aaaaaa</p> 35 <input type="submit" value="提交XHR" onclick="xhrSubmit();"/> 36 <input type="submit" value="提交jQuery" onclick="jqSubmit();"/> 37 38 <hr/> 39 <form id="form1" action="/upload_file/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data" target="ifm1"> 40 <iframe id="ifm1" name="ifm1" style="display: none;"></iframe> 41 <input type="file" name="fafafa" onchange="changeUpalod();" /> 42 {# <input type="submit" onclick="iframeSubmit();" value="Form提交"/>#} 43 </form> 44 <div id="preview"></div> 45 46 47 <script src="/static/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script> 48 <script> 49 function changeUpalod() { 50 $('#ifm1').load(function(){ 51 var text = $('#ifm1').contents().find('body').text(); 52 var obj = JSON.parse(text); 53 54 $('#preview').empty(); 55 var imgTag = document.createElement('img'); 56 imgTag.src = "/" + obj.data; 57 $('#preview').append(imgTag); 58 }); 59 $('#form1').submit(); 60 } 61 62 function jqSubmit() { 63 var file_obj = document.getElementById('fafafa').files[0]; 64 65 var fd = new FormData(); 66 fd.append('username', 'root'); 67 fd.append('fafafa', file_obj); 68 $.ajax({ 69 url:'/upload_file/', 70 type:'POST', 71 data:fd, 72 processData:false, 73 contentType:false, 74 success:function (arg,a1,a2) { 75 console.log(arg); 76 console.log(a1); 77 console.log(a2); 78 79 } 80 81 }) 82 83 } 84 85 function xhrSubmit() { 86 //$('#fafafa')[0] 87 var file_obj=document.getElementById('fafafa').files[0]; 88 console.log(file_obj); 89 90 var fd = new FormData(); 91 fd.append('username','root'); 92 fd.append('fafafa',file_obj); 93 94 var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); 95 xhr.open('POST','/upload_file/',true); 96 97 xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){ 98 if( xhr.readyState == 4){ 99 //接收完毕 100 {#console.log(xhr.responseText);#} 101 var obj=JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); 102 console.log(obj); 103 {#console.log(obj.code)#} 104 } 105 }; 106 xhr.send(fd); 107 } 108 109 function iframeSubmit(){ 110 $('#ifm1').load(function(){ 111 var text = $('#ifm1').contents().find('body').text(); 112 var obj = JSON.parse(text); 113 114 $('#preview').empty(); 115 var imgTag = document.createElement('img'); 116 imgTag.src = "/" + obj.data; 117 $('#preview').append(imgTag); 118 }) 119 } 120 </script> 121 122 </body> 123 </html>
