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C# Dictionary 泛型类 记录

泛型的优点（C# 编程指南）

在公共语言运行库和 C# 语言的早期版本中，通用化是通过在类型与通用基类型 Object 之间进行强制转换来实现的，泛型提供了针对这种限制的解决方案。通过创建泛型类，您可以创建一个在编译时类型安全的集合。

使用非泛型集合类的限制可以通过编写一小段程序来演示，该程序利用 .NET Framework 基类库中的 ArrayList 集合类。ArrayList 是一个使用起来非常方便的集合类，无需进行修改即可用来存储任何引用或值类型。

C#
复制代码
// The .NET Framework 1.1 way to create a list:
System.Collections.ArrayList list1 = new System.Collections.ArrayList();
list1.Add(3);
list1.Add(105);
System.Collections.ArrayList list2 = new System.Collections.ArrayList();
list2.Add("It is raining in Redmond.");
list2.Add("It is snowing in the mountains.");

但这种方便是需要付出代价的。添加到 ArrayList 中的任何引用或值类型都将隐式地向上强制转换为 Object。如果项是值类型，则必须在将其添加到列表中时进行装箱操作，在检索时进行取消装箱操作。强制转换以及装箱和取消装箱操作都会降低性能；在必须对大型集合进行循环访问的情况下，装箱和取消装箱的影响非常明显。

另一个限制是缺少编译时类型检查；因为 ArrayList 将把所有项都强制转换为 Object，所以在编译时无法防止客户端代码执行以下操作：

C#
复制代码
System.Collections.ArrayList list = new System.Collections.ArrayList();
// Add an integer to the list.
list.Add(3);
// Add a string to the list. This will compile, but may cause an error later.
list.Add("It is raining in Redmond.");
int t = 0;
// This causes an InvalidCastException to be returned.
foreach (int x in list)
{
t += x;
}

尽管将字符串和 ints 组合在一个 ArrayList 中的做法在创建异类集合时是完全合法的，有时是有意图的，但这种做法更可能产生编程错误，并且直到运行时才能检测到此错误。

在 C# 语言的 1.0 和 1.1 版本中，只能通过编写自己的特定于类型的集合来避免 .NET Framework 基类库集合类中的通用代码的危险。当然，由于此类不可对多个数据类型重用，因此将丧失通用化的优点，并且您必须对要存储的每个类型重新编写该类。

ArrayList 和其他相似类真正需要的是：客户端代码基于每个实例指定这些类要使用的具体数据类型的方式。这样将不再需要向上强制转换为 T:System.Object，同时，也使得编译器可以进行类型检查。换句话说，ArrayList 需要一个 type parameter。这正是泛型所能提供的。在 N:System.Collections.Generic 命名空间的泛型 List<T> 集合中，向该集合添加项的操作类似于以下形式：

C#
复制代码
// The .NET Framework 2.0 way to create a list
List<int> list1 = new List<int>();
// No boxing, no casting:
list1.Add(3);
// Compile-time error:
// list1.Add("It is raining in Redmond.");

对于客户端代码，与 ArrayList 相比，使用 List<T> 时添加的唯一语法是声明和实例化中的类型参数。虽然这稍微增加了些编码的复杂性，但好处是您可以创建一个比 ArrayList 更安全并且速度更快的列表，特别适用于列表项是值类型的情况。

Dictionary 泛型类

注意：此类在 .NET Framework 2.0 版中是新增的。

表示键和值的集合。

命名空间:System.Collections.Generic
程序集:mscorlib（在 mscorlib.dll 中）

Visual Basic（声明）
<SerializableAttribute> _
<ComVisibleAttribute(False)> _
Public Class Dictionary(Of TKey, TValue)
Implements IDictionary(Of TKey, TValue), ICollection(Of KeyValuePair(Of TKey, TValue)), _
IEnumerable(Of KeyValuePair(Of TKey, TValue)), IDictionary, ICollection, _
IEnumerable, ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback
Visual Basic（用法）
Dim instance As Dictionary(Of TKey, TValue)
C#
[SerializableAttribute]
[ComVisibleAttribute(false)]
public class Dictionary<TKey,TValue> : IDictionary<TKey,TValue>, ICollection<KeyValuePair<TKey,TValue>>,
IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey,TValue>>, IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable,
ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback
C++
[SerializableAttribute]
[ComVisibleAttribute(false)]
generic<typename TKey, typename TValue>
public ref class Dictionary : IDictionary<TKey, TValue>, ICollection<KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>>,
IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>>, IDictionary, ICollection, IEnumerable,
ISerializable, IDeserializationCallback
J#
J# 支持使用泛型类型和方法，但不支持进行新的声明。
JScript
JScript 支持泛型类型和方法。

类型参数

TKey

字典中的键的类型。

TValue

字典中的值的类型。

Dictionary 泛型类提供了从一组键到一组值的映射。字典中的每个添加项都由一个值及其相关联的键组成。通过键来检索值的速度是非常快的，接近于 O(1)，这是因为 Dictionary 类是作为一个哈希表来实现的。

Note注意

检索速度取决于为 TKey 指定的类型的哈希算法的质量。

只要对象用作 Dictionary 中的键，它就不能以任何影响其哈希值的方式更改。使用字典的相等比较器比较时，Dictionary 中的任何键都必须是唯一的。键不能为 空引用（在 Visual Basic 中为 Nothing），但是如果值类型 TValue 为引用类型，该值则可以为空。

Dictionary 需要一个相等实现来确定键是否相等。可以使用一个接受 comparer 参数的构造函数来指定 IEqualityComparer 泛型接口的实现；如果不指定实现，则使用默认的泛型相等比较器 EqualityComparer.Default。如果类型 TKey 实现 System.IEquatable 泛型接口，则默认相等比较器会使用该实现。

Note注意

例如，您可以使用 StringComparer 类提供的不区分大小写的字符串比较器来创建带不区分大小写的字符串键的字典。

Dictionary 的容量是 Dictionary 可以包含的元素数。在此实现中，Dictionary 的默认初始容量为 3；但该默认值可能在 .NET Framework 的未来版本中更改。当向 Dictionary 中添加元素时，将通过重新分配内部数组来根据需要自动增大容量。

对于枚举而言，字典中的每一项都被视为一个表示值及其键的 KeyValuePair 结构进行处理。项返回的顺序未定义。

C# 语言的 foreach 语句（在 C++ 中为 for each，在 Visual Basic 中为 For Each）需要集合中每个元素的类型。由于 Dictionary 是键和值的集合，因此元素类型并非键类型或值类型。相反，元素类型是键类型和值类型的 KeyValuePair。例如：

C#
复制代码
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, string> kvp in myDictionary) {...}
C++
复制代码
for each (KeyValuePair<int, String^> kvp in myDictionary) {...}
Visual Basic
复制代码
For Each kvp As KeyValuePair(Of Integer, String) In myDictionary
...
Next kvp

foreach 语句是对枚举数的包装，只允许该枚举数读取集合，而不允许写入集合。

下面的代码示例创建一个空的带有字符串键的字符串 Dictionary，并使用 Add 方法添加一些元素。该示例演示在尝试添加重复的键时 Add 方法引发 ArgumentException。

该示例使用 Item 属性（在 C# 中为 索引器）来检索值，演示当请求的键不存在时将引发 KeyNotFoundException，并演示与键相关联的值可被替换。

该示例演示当程序必须经常尝试字典中不存在的键值时，如何使用 TryGetValue 方法作为一种更有效的方法来检索值，它还演示如何使用 ContainsKey 方法在调用 Add 方法之前测试某个键是否存在。

该示例演示如何枚举字典中的键和值，以及如何分别使用 Keys 属性和 Values 属性来单独枚举键和值。

最后，该示例演示 Remove 方法。

Visual Basic
复制代码
Imports System
Imports System.Collections.Generic
Public Class Example
Public Shared Sub Main()
' Create a new dictionary of strings, with string keys.
'
Dim openWith As New Dictionary(Of String, String)
' Add some elements to the dictionary. There are no 
' duplicate keys, but some of the values are duplicates.
openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe")
openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe")
openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe")
openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe")
' The Add method throws an exception if the new key is 
' already in the dictionary.
Try
openWith.Add("txt", "winword.exe")
Catch
Console.WriteLine("An element with Key = ""txt"" already exists.")
End Try
' The Item property is the default property, so you 
' can omit its name when accessing elements. 
Console.WriteLine("For key = ""rtf"", value = {0}.", _
openWith("rtf"))
' The default Item property can be used to change the value
' associated with a key.
openWith("rtf") = "winword.exe"
Console.WriteLine("For key = ""rtf"", value = {0}.", _
openWith("rtf"))
' If a key does not exist, setting the default Item property
' for that key adds a new key/value pair.
openWith("doc") = "winword.exe"
' The default Item property throws an exception if the requested
' key is not in the dictionary.
Try
Console.WriteLine("For key = ""tif"", value = {0}.", _
openWith("tif"))
Catch
Console.WriteLine("Key = ""tif"" is not found.")
End Try
' When a program often has to try keys that turn out not to
' be in the dictionary, TryGetValue can be a more efficient 
' way to retrieve values.
Dim value As String = ""
If openWith.TryGetValue("tif", value) Then
Console.WriteLine("For key = ""tif"", value = {0}.", value)
Else
Console.WriteLine("Key = ""tif"" is not found.")
End If
' ContainsKey can be used to test keys before inserting 
' them.
If Not openWith.ContainsKey("ht") Then
openWith.Add("ht", "hypertrm.exe")
Console.WriteLine("Value added for key = ""ht"": {0}", _
openWith("ht"))
End If
' When you use foreach to enumerate dictionary elements,
' the elements are retrieved as KeyValuePair objects.
Console.WriteLine()
For Each kvp As KeyValuePair(Of String, String) In openWith
Console.WriteLine("Key = {0}, Value = {1}", _
kvp.Key, kvp.Value)
Next kvp
' To get the values alone, use the Values property.
Dim valueColl As _
Dictionary(Of String, String).ValueCollection = _
openWith.Values
' The elements of the ValueCollection are strongly typed
' with the type that was specified for dictionary values.
Console.WriteLine()
For Each s As String In  valueColl
Console.WriteLine("Value = {0}", s)
Next s
' To get the keys alone, use the Keys property.
Dim keyColl As _
Dictionary(Of String, String).KeyCollection = _
openWith.Keys
' The elements of the KeyCollection are strongly typed
' with the type that was specified for dictionary keys.
Console.WriteLine()
For Each s As String In  keyColl
Console.WriteLine("Key = {0}", s)
Next s
' Use the Remove method to remove a key/value pair.
Console.WriteLine(vbLf + "Remove(""doc"")")
openWith.Remove("doc")
If Not openWith.ContainsKey("doc") Then
Console.WriteLine("Key ""doc"" is not found.")
End If
End Sub
End Class
' This code example produces the following output:
'
'An element with Key = "txt" already exists.
'For key = "rtf", value = wordpad.exe.
'For key = "rtf", value = winword.exe.
'Key = "tif" is not found.
'Key = "tif" is not found.
'Value added for key = "ht": hypertrm.exe
'
'Key = txt, Value = notepad.exe
'Key = bmp, Value = paint.exe
'Key = dib, Value = paint.exe
'Key = rtf, Value = winword.exe
'Key = doc, Value = winword.exe
'Key = ht, Value = hypertrm.exe
'
'Value = notepad.exe
'Value = paint.exe
'Value = paint.exe
'Value = winword.exe
'Value = winword.exe
'Value = hypertrm.exe
'
'Key = txt
'Key = bmp
'Key = dib
'Key = rtf
'Key = doc
'Key = ht
'
'Remove("doc")
'Key "doc" is not found.
'
C#
复制代码
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
// Create a new dictionary of strings, with string keys.
//
Dictionary<string, string> openWith =
new Dictionary<string, string>();
// Add some elements to the dictionary. There are no 
// duplicate keys, but some of the values are duplicates.
openWith.Add("txt", "notepad.exe");
openWith.Add("bmp", "paint.exe");
openWith.Add("dib", "paint.exe");
openWith.Add("rtf", "wordpad.exe");
// The Add method throws an exception if the new key is 
// already in the dictionary.
try
{
openWith.Add("txt", "winword.exe");
}
catch (ArgumentException)
{
Console.WriteLine("An element with Key = \"txt\" already exists.");
}
// The Item property is another name for the indexer, so you 
// can omit its name when accessing elements. 
Console.WriteLine("For key = \"rtf\", value = {0}.",
openWith["rtf"]);
// The indexer can be used to change the value associated
// with a key.
openWith["rtf"] = "winword.exe";
Console.WriteLine("For key = \"rtf\", value = {0}.",
openWith["rtf"]);
// If a key does not exist, setting the indexer for that key
// adds a new key/value pair.
openWith["doc"] = "winword.exe";
// The indexer throws an exception if the requested key is
// not in the dictionary.
try
{
Console.WriteLine("For key = \"tif\", value = {0}.",
openWith["tif"]);
}
catch (KeyNotFoundException)
{
Console.WriteLine("Key = \"tif\" is not found.");
}
// When a program often has to try keys that turn out not to
// be in the dictionary, TryGetValue can be a more efficient 
// way to retrieve values.
string value = "";
if (openWith.TryGetValue("tif", out value))
{
Console.WriteLine("For key = \"tif\", value = {0}.", value);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Key = \"tif\" is not found.");
}
// ContainsKey can be used to test keys before inserting 
// them.
if (!openWith.ContainsKey("ht"))
{
openWith.Add("ht", "hypertrm.exe");
Console.WriteLine("Value added for key = \"ht\": {0}",
openWith["ht"]);
}
// When you use foreach to enumerate dictionary elements,
// the elements are retrieved as KeyValuePair objects.
Console.WriteLine();
foreach( KeyValuePair<string, string> kvp in openWith )
{
Console.WriteLine("Key = {0}, Value = {1}",
kvp.Key, kvp.Value);
}
// To get the values alone, use the Values property.
Dictionary<string, string>.ValueCollection valueColl =
openWith.Values;
// The elements of the ValueCollection are strongly typed
// with the type that was specified for dictionary values.
Console.WriteLine();
foreach( string s in valueColl )
{
Console.WriteLine("Value = {0}", s);
}
// To get the keys alone, use the Keys property.
Dictionary<string, string>.KeyCollection keyColl =
openWith.Keys;
// The elements of the KeyCollection are strongly typed
// with the type that was specified for dictionary keys.
Console.WriteLine();
foreach( string s in keyColl )
{
Console.WriteLine("Key = {0}", s);
}
// Use the Remove method to remove a key/value pair.
Console.WriteLine("\nRemove(\"doc\")");
openWith.Remove("doc");
if (!openWith.ContainsKey("doc"))
{
Console.WriteLine("Key \"doc\" is not found.");
}
}
}
/* This code example produces the following output:
An element with Key = "txt" already exists.
For key = "rtf", value = wordpad.exe.
For key = "rtf", value = winword.exe.
Key = "tif" is not found.
Key = "tif" is not found.
Value added for key = "ht": hypertrm.exe
Key = txt, Value = notepad.exe
Key = bmp, Value = paint.exe
Key = dib, Value = paint.exe
Key = rtf, Value = winword.exe
Key = doc, Value = winword.exe
Key = ht, Value = hypertrm.exe
Value = notepad.exe
Value = paint.exe
Value = paint.exe
Value = winword.exe
Value = winword.exe
Value = hypertrm.exe
Key = txt
Key = bmp
Key = dib
Key = rtf
Key = doc
Key = ht
Remove("doc")
Key "doc" is not found.
*/

posted on 2008-01-11 10:49  H.Wong  阅读(2768)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报