使用 haml 模板语言
haml 是一种简洁优美的模板语言，主要智能用来替代基于ruby框架的模版系统，例如：替换Ruby on Rails的erb模版，可以大大缩减模板代码，减少冗余，提高可读性。并且Haml是一种完备的模板语言，没有牺牲当前模板语言的任何特性。Haml由Hampton Catlin发明并且开发了Ruby on Rails上的实现。
一、概述
1.常见语法规则
| 序号 | haml | html |
| ---- | ------ | ------ |
| 1. | !!!5 | |
| 2. | %tag | 代表HTML标签 |
| 3. | %tag#id | 代表id属性 |
| 4. | %tag.class | 代表class属性 |
| 5. | %tag(attr="xxx") | 代表某一个特定属性 |
| 6. | %tag xxx | 代表插入标签的内容 |
| 7. | %E %N | 代表N是E的子元素。N如果写在第二行，需要缩进‘二格’ |
| 8. | | | haml标签，多行连接符 |
| 9. | -# | haml注释 |
| 10. | / | haml标签，前面加单行或多行注释，后面加关闭标签 |
tag,E可以替换为html标签<p>,<a>,<ul>,<li>,<stong>,<title>...
2.haml 范例
!!! 5
%html{lang: 'en'}
%head
%title Haml Demo
%body
%h1 Hello World
%a(href="http://wikipedia.org" title="Wikipedia") 维基百科
to HTML：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang='en'>
<head>
<title>Haml Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
<a href='http://wikipedia.org' title='Wikipedia'>维基百科</a>
</body>
</html>
二、语法 (on rails)
1.% 百分号符号是一行的开始，紧接着一个元素的名字，它会创建一个这样的形式：
%strong test to HTML：<strong>test</strong>
strong= item.title to ERB：<strong><%= item.title %></strong>
2.# 代替 id
#id= item.title to ERB: <div id="id"><%= item.title %></div>
3."." 代替 class
%strong.code#message Hello, World! to ERB:
<strong><class=code id="message">Hello, World!<strong>
3,4,5标题中"" 是为了方便读者看清，语句实际使用中并不需要;
4.**"="** 代替 **<%= %>** 相当于插入ruby代码,并输出结果;
.my-class= item.title to ERB: <div class="my-class"><%= item.title %></div>
%p= Time.now to HTML:<p>Sat Aug 06 15:06:09 +0100 2011</p>
5."-" 代替 <% %>相当于执行ruby代码,但不输出结果;
- if @opportunities.any?
= render @opportunities
- else
= render "shared/empty"
to ERB:
<%if @opportunities.any? %>
<%= render @opportunities %>
<%else%>
<%= render "shared/empty" %>
<%end%>
6.**#{}** 表示插入ruby代码,并计算结果;
%script(type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/script_#{2 + 7}") to HTML:
<script type="text/javascript" src="javascripts/script_9"></script>
常见的a标签和span标签:
%a(title=@title){:href => @link.href} Stuff
%span(class="widget_#{@widget.number}")
7.**{}** 添加的ruby hash 属性或 html 复杂代码,hash属性和值之间用 **{:属性1=> 值1,:属性2=> 值2 }**表示;
%strong{:class=>"code",:id=>"message"} Hello, World! to ERB:
<strong><class="code" id="message">Hello, World!<strong>
8.**img**标签hash
%img{ :src => "/path/to/image", :alt => "Description of image" } or
%img ( src="/path/to/image", alt="Description of image")
to HTML：
<img src="/path/to/image" alt="Description of image">
9.HTML5 DOCTYPE
!!!5 to HTML: <!DOCTYPE html>
%meta{ :charset => "utf-8" } to HTML:<meta charset="utf-8">
%link{ :rel => "stylesheet", :href => "/css/master.css" } to HTML:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/master.css">
%script{ :src => "/js/site.js" } to HTML:
<script src="/js/site.js"></script>
10.注释语句
- / 表示注释,分为行注释和块注释;
/ A forward slash at the start of a line wraps that line in a comment
%blockquote
%p Roads? Where we're going we don't need roads
/
A forward slash at the start of a nested block wraps the whole block in a comment
%blockquote
%p Roads? Where we're going we don't need roads
<!-- Only this line will be wrapped in a comment -->
<blockquote>
<p>Roads? Where we're going we don't need roads</p>
</blockquote>
<!--
Now the whole block will be commented out
<blockquote>
<p>Roads? Where we're going we don't need roads</p>
</blockquote>
-->
- **/[ ]**表示条件注释;
/[if IE] %link { :rel => "stylesheet", :href => "/css/ie.css" } to HTML:
<!--[if IE]> <link href="/css/ie.css" rel="stylesheet"> <![endif]-->
- -#表示haml自带注释;
%p The line below won't appear in the HTML
-# The rest of this line is a comment
%p The line above won't appear in the HTML, nor will the lines underneath
-#
None of this nested text will appear
in our rendered output either
<p>The line below won't appear in the HTML</p>
<p>The line above won't appear in the HTML, nor will the lines underneath</p>
三、安装 Installing Haml
gem install haml or
Gemfile中添加:
gem 'haml'
gem "haml-rails"
安装后可以运行halm使用命令行：
haml input.html.haml output.html
### 参考
