drf认证,权限,频率,过滤,分页
内容回顾
两个视图基类
APIView
GenericAPIView:跟数据库打交道,而且需要序列化反序列化,可以使用它
5个视图扩展类+GenericAPIView=视图类
ListModelMixin
CreateModelMixin
RetrieveModelMixin
UpdateModelMixin
DestroyModelMixin
正常需要写两个视图类,实现5个接口
BookView:list,create
BookDetailView:retrieve,destroy,update
5个接口只想新增和更新–》两个视图类
如果配合自动生成路由:
ViewSetMixin+list+update+GenericAPIView可以写到一个视图类中
5个接口:自动生成路由+5个视图扩展类+GenericAPIView>>一个视图类即可
9个视图子类 视图类
5个,两两组合,三个组合
listcreate,retrieveupdate,retrievedestroy,retrieveupdatedestroy
视图集
ModelViewSet
ReadOnlyModelViewSet
ViewSetMixin:不是视图类,配合视图类一个用,重写了as_view>>路由写法变了》》本质就是通过传的actions作映射\
{'get':"xxx"}
传action方式
自动生成方法
继承APIView+自动生成路由》》ViewSet
继承GenericAPIView+自动生成路由》》GenericViewSet
引申出来:后期在视图类中的方法,可以任意命名,只要做好映射,或自动生成即可
路由组件
三种写法
传统写法:不继承ViewSetMixin及其子类的
映射写法:传actions
自动生成写法:两个类,加入到路由中:两种(include,列表直接加)
action装饰器
自动生成路由时,做成生成,装饰在视图类的方法上
@action(methods=['POST','GET'],detail=False)
登录接口》》自动生成路由
ViewSetMixin+APIView login>使用action装饰器装饰》》post请求
取出前端传入的数据(三种格式都可以)》》request.data
写逻辑判断是否登录成功》》UserToken存储登录状态
如果存在修改,不存在新增
最后返回给前端
今日内容
认证组件
以后,有的接口需要登录后才能访问,有的接口,不登录就能访问
登录认证的限制
写一个登录接口,返回token,以后只要带着token过来,就是登录了,不带,就没有登录
查询所有不需要登录就能访问
查询单个,需要登录才能访问
登录代码
class UserView(ViewSet):
authentication_classes = [] # 如果配置了全局认证,这里局部取消认证
@action(methods=['POST'], detail=False)
def login(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
re_dict = {'code': 100, 'msg': ''}
username = request.data.get('username', None)
password = request.data.get('password', None)
print(username)
print(password)
user = User.objects.filter(username=username, password=password).first()
if user:
token = str(uuid.uuid4())
UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user, defaults={'token': token})
re_dict['msg'] = '登录成功'
re_dict['token'] = token
return Response(re_dict)
else:
re_dict['code'] = 101
re_dict['msg'] = '用户名或密码错误'
return Response(re_dict)
认证组件使用步骤
-
写一个认证类,继承BaseAuthentication
-
重写authenticate方法,在该方法中实现登录认证:token携带在地址栏中
-
如果认证成功,返回两个值user对象,token【返回None或两个值】
-
认证不通过,抛出异常AuthenticationFailed
-
局部使用和全局使用
局部:只在某个视图类中使用【当前视图类管理的所有接口】
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin, RetrieveAPIView): authentication_classes = [LoginAuth]
全局:全局所有接口都生效(登录接口不要)
REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [ 'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication', 'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication', 'app01.authentication.CommenAuthentication', ], }
局部禁用:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin, RetrieveAPIView): authentication_classes = []
代码
查所有
# 查询所有
class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
查单个
方式一装饰器
from rest_framework.decorators import authentication_classes
@authentication_classes([CommenAuthentication]) # 只能放在类头上的
class BookViewDetail(GenericViewSet, RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
在视图类函数中单独加认证类,或者权限类,频率类,过滤类,排序类,分页类
class BookView(ModelViewSet):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
# authentication_classes = [Myauthor]
# 使用action装饰器装饰的函数不能跟原来的list,create,update,delete,retrieve这5个一样否则直接报错
@action(methods=['GET'], detail=False, authentication_classes=[Myauthor])
def get_list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return super().list(request, *args, **kwargs)
方式二类属性
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin, RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
authentication_classes = [CommenAuthentication] # 需要写一个认证类,需要咱们写
原理是一样的
def authentication_classes(authentication_classes):
def decorator(func):
func.authentication_classes = authentication_classes # 这里就是给类添加属性
return func
return decorator
认证类代码
class LoginAuth(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
# 在这里实现认证,如果是登录的,继续往后走返回两个值,如果不是抛异常
# 请求中是否携带token,判断是否登录,放在地址栏中
token = request.query_params.get('token', None)
if token: # 前端传入token了,去表中查,如果能查到,登录了,返回两个值[固定的:当前登录用户,token]
user_token = UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
if user_token:
return user_token.user, token
else:
# 没有登录抛异常
raise AuthenticationFailed('token认证失败')
else:
raise AuthenticationFailed('token没传')
路由
from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter, DefaultRouter
from django.urls import include
router = SimpleRouter()
router.register('books', views.BookViwe, 'books')
router.register('user', views.UserView, 'login')
router.register('books', views.BookViewDetail, 'book')
urlpatterns = [
path('api/v1/', include(router.urls))
]
坑:不要再配置文件中乱导入不使用的东西,否则会报错
权限组件
即便登录成功了,有写接口,还是不能访问,因为没有访问权限
登录后,有的接口有权限访问,有的没有权限访问
查询单个和查询所有,都要登录才能访问–》》全局认证
查询单个需要超级管理员才能访问
查询说有,所有登录用户都能访问
权限是一个字段,再User表中,加入user_type字段
权限的使用
-
写一个权限类,继承BasePermission
-
重写has_permission方法,在该方法在中实现权限认证,在这方法中,request.user就是当前登录用户
-
如果有权限返回True
-
没有权限,返回False,定制返回的中文:self.message=‘中文’
-
局部使用和全局和使用
局部:只在某个视图类中使用【当前视图类管理的所有接口】
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin, RetrieveAPIView): permission_classes = [CommonPermission]
全局:全局所有接口都生效
REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [ 'app01.permissions.CommonPermission', ], }
局部禁用:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin, RetrieveAPIView): permission_classes = []
代码
permission.py
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
from .models import User
class CommonPermission(BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
user = request.user
print(type(user)) #如果没写认证类user 是AnonymousUser这个 <class 'django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser'>
if user.usertype == 3:
return True
else:
self.message = '对不起您是%s' % user.get_usertype_display()
return False
views.py
@authentication_classes([CommenAuthentication]) # 只能放在类头上的
class BookViewDetail(GenericViewSet, RetrieveAPIView):
permission_classes = [CommonPermission, ]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
models.py
class User(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
password = models.CharField(max_length=32)
usertype = models.IntegerField(choices=((1, '游客用户'), (2, '普通用户'), (3, '超级管理')), default=1)
# 1游客用户,2普通用户,3超级管理员
频率组件
控制某个接口访问频率(次数)
查询所有接口,同一个ip一分钟只能访问5次
可以单独使用,单独使用时要以ip
为唯一字段
使用步骤
-
写一个频率类,继承SimpleRateThrottle
-
重写get_cache_key方法,返回什么,就是以什么做限制–》》ip,用户id做限制
-
配置一个类属性:scope=‘book_5_m’这个是别名
-
再配置文件中配置
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': { 'book_5_m': '5/m', },
-
局部使用和全局使用
局部:只要再某个视图类中使用【当前视图类管理的所有接口】
@authentication_classes([CommenAuthentication]) # 只能放在类头上的 认证 class BookViewDetail(GenericViewSet, RetrieveAPIView): permission_classes = [CommonPermission, ] #权限 throttle_classes = [Commonthrottling,]#频率 queryset = Book.objects.all() serializer_class = BookSerializer
全局:全局所有接口都生效
REST_FRAMEWORK = { 'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES': ['app01.throttling.CommonThrottle'], }
局部禁用:
class BookDetailView(ViewSetMixin, RetrieveAPIView): throttle_classes = []
代码
viwes.py
@authentication_classes([CommenAuthentication]) # 只能放在类头上的
class BookViewDetail(GenericViewSet, RetrieveAPIView):
permission_classes = [CommonPermission, ]
throttle_classes = [Commonthrottling,]
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
throttling.py
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
class Commonthrottling(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope = 'book_5_m' # 别名要与settings中的对应
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
ip = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
return ip
# print(request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')) 返回唯一字段
# return request.user.pk
settings.py
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES': {
'book_5_m':'5/m'
},
}
过滤排序
restfull规范中,要求了,请求地址中带过滤条件
5个接口中,只有一个接口需要有过滤和排序,查询所有接口
查询 所有图书接口,查询以 红 开头的所有图书
继承APIView自己写
1.内置过滤类的使用【继承GenericAPIView】
class BookViwe(GenericViewSet, ListAPIView):
# authentication_classes = []
queryset = Book.objects.all()
# SearchFilter内置的,固定用法,模糊匹配
# 就有过滤功能了,指定按那个字段过滤
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [SearchFilter]
# search_fields = ['name'] #可以按名字模糊匹配
search_fields = ['name','price'] # 按名字或价格模糊匹配
可以使用的搜索方式
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?search=红 # name或price中只要有红就会搜出来
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?search=998 # name或price中只要有998就会搜出来
2.使用第三方django-filter实现过滤
安装pip install django-filter 如果django版本低于3.2会自动升级django版本,官网说不支持3.2以下的,但是可以支持2.2,安装完毕后,我们自己再降会来就行了
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
class BookViwe(GenericViewSet, ListAPIView):
# authentication_classes = []
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend]
filterset_fields = ['name','price'] # 精准匹配,可以一个一个匹配,也可以两个一起匹配
可以使用的搜索方式
1.http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?name=三国演义222222
2.http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?price=9998
3.http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?price=9998&name=三国演义222222
3.自己定制过滤类实现过滤
查询价格大于100的所有图书
第一步:定义一个过滤类,继承BaseFilterBackend,重写filter_queryset方法
from rest_framework.filters import BaseFilterBackend
class CommonFilter(BaseFilterBackend):
def filter_queryset(self, request, queryset, view):
price_gt = request.query_params.get('price_gt',None)
if price_gt:
#在里面实现过滤,返回qs对象,就是过滤后的数据
return queryset.filter(price__gt=price_gt)
return queryset
第二部配置在视图类上
from .filter import CommonFilter
class BookViwe(GenericViewSet, ListAPIView):
# authentication_classes = []
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [CommonFilter] # 可以定制多个,从左到右,依次执行
搜索方式
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?price_gt=200
排序的使用
使用内置
from .filter import CommonFilter
from rest_framework.filters import OrderingFilter
class BookViwe(GenericViewSet, ListAPIView):
# authentication_classes = []
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [CommonFilter, OrderingFilter]
ordering_fields = ['price','id']
查询方法
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?ordering=price
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?ordering=-price
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?ordering=-id,price
http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?ordering=-price,-id
分页
分页,只有查询所有接口,才分页
drf内容了三个分页器,对应三种分页方式
分页器,query_set需要写全all()不能不写
内置的分页类不能直接使用,需要继承,定制一些参数后才能使用
方式一PageNumberPagination
基本分页方式(基本是这种,网页端):http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?page=2&size=3
pagination.py
from rest_framework.pagination import PageNumberPagination
class CommonPageNumber(PageNumberPagination):
page_size = 2 # 默认显示条数
page_query_param = 'page' # 分页参数名
page_size_query_param = 'size' # 分大小参数名一个页面显示条数
max_page_size = 5 # 最大一个页面显示条数
views.py
class BookViwe(GenericViewSet, ListAPIView,CreateAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
pagination_class = CommonPageNumber
方式二(LimitOffset)
偏移分页 http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/books/?limit=4&offset=1
从第一条开始,取4条
class CommonLimitOffset(LimitOffsetPagination):
default_limit = 2 # 每页显示2条
limit_query_param = 'limit' # limit=3 取3条
offset_query_param = 'offset' # offset=1 从第一个位置开始,取limit条
max_limit = 5
from .filter import CommonFilter
from rest_framework.filters import OrderingFilter
from .pagination import CommonPageNumber,CommonLimitOffset
class BookViwe(GenericViewSet, ListAPIView,CreateAPIView):
# authentication_classes = []
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [CommonFilter, OrderingFilter]
ordering_fields = ['price','id']
# pagination_class = CommonPageNumber
pagination_class = CommonLimitOffset # 可以和分页排序一起使用
方式三(游标方式)
app经常用
游标分页,只能下一页,上一页,不能跳到中间,但它的效率最高,大数据量分页,使用这种较好
class CommonCursor(CursorPagination):
cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
page_size = 3
ordering = 'id'
from rest_framework.filters import OrderingFilter
from .pagination import CommonPageNumber,CommonLimitOffset,CommonCursor
class BookViwe(GenericViewSet, ListAPIView,CreateAPIView):
# authentication_classes = []
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
filter_backends = [CommonFilter, OrderingFilter]
ordering_fields = ['price','id']
# pagination_class = CommonPageNumber # 方式一
# pagination_class = CommonLimitOffset # 方式二可以和分页排序一起使用
pagination_class = CommonCursor # 方式三
练习
# 编写认证类,权限类,频率类,登录接口
-所有接口,一分钟访问10次
-查询所有图书和查询单条图书不登录可以访问
-新增,删除,修改必须登录后才能访问
-删除功能只有超级管理员能删除
urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from django.views.static import serve
from django.conf import settings
from app01 import views
from rest_framework.routers import SimpleRouter
router = SimpleRouter()
router.register('bookdestroy', views.BookSuperView, 'super')
router.register('bookupdate', views.BookLoginView, 'create')
router.register('bookselect', views.BookView, 'books')
router.register('user', views.UserView, 'login')
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('media/', serve, {'document_root', settings.MEDIA_ROOT}),
path('api/v1/', include(router.urls)),
]
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render
# Create your views here.
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView, RetrieveAPIView, UpdateAPIView, DestroyAPIView, CreateAPIView
from rest_framework.viewsets import ViewSetMixin
from .models import Book, User, UserToken
from .serializer import BookSerializer
from .authentication import Myauthenticate
from .permissions import MyPermission
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.decorators import action
import uuid
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.decorators import permission_classes,throttle_classes,authentication_classes
class BookView(ViewSetMixin, ListAPIView, RetrieveAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
class BookLoginView(ViewSetMixin, CreateAPIView, UpdateAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
authentication_classes = [Myauthenticate]
class BookSuperView(ViewSetMixin, DestroyAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
authentication_classes = [Myauthenticate]
permission_classes = [MyPermission]
class UserView(ViewSetMixin, APIView):
@action(methods=['POST'], detail=False)
def login(self, request):
username = request.data.get('username', None)
password = request.data.get('password', None)
user = User.objects.filter(username=username, password=password).first()
if user:
token = str(uuid.uuid4())
UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user, defaults={'token': token})
return Response({'code': 100, 'msg': '登录成功', 'token': token})
else:
return Response({'code': 101, 'msg': '用户名或密码错误'})
authentication.py
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
from .models import User, UserToken
from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed
class Myauthenticate(BaseAuthentication):
def authenticate(self, request):
token = request.query_params.get('token', None)
if token:
user_token = UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
if user_token:
return user_token.user, token
else:
raise AuthenticationFailed("您的token不正确")
else:
raise AuthenticationFailed('对不起您未携带token')
permission.py
from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
from .models import User
class MyPermission(BasePermission):
def has_permission(self, request, view):
user = request.user
if user.usertype == 3:
return True
else:
self.message = '对不起你是%s无法进行删除操作' % user.get_usertype_display()
return False
Throttling.py
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle
class MyThrottling(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope = 'book_10_m'
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
ip = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
return ip
serializer.py
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Book
fields = ['id', 'name', 'price', 'publish', 'authors', 'authors_detail', 'publish_detail']
extra_kwargs = {
'publish': {'write_only': True},
'authors': {'write_only': True},
'authors_detail': {'read_only': True},
'publish_detail': {'read_only': True},
}
# authors = serializers.IntegerField(write_only=True) # 可以传空置的时候使用
models.py
from django.db import models
# Create your models here.
class Book(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
price = models.IntegerField()
publish = models.ForeignKey(to='Publish', on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
authors = models.ManyToManyField(to='Author', default=None)
@property
def authors_detail(self):
return [{'name': author.name, 'age': author.age, 'phone': author.authorDetail.phone,
'addr': author.authorDetail.addr} for author in self.authors.all()]
@property
def publish_detail(self):
return {'name': self.publish.name, 'addr': self.publish.addr}
class Publish(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
addr = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
age = models.IntegerField()
authorDetail = models.OneToOneField(to='AuthorDetail', on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
class AuthorDetail(models.Model):
phone = models.CharField(max_length=32)
addr = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class User(models.Model):
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
password = models.CharField(max_length=32)
usertype = models.IntegerField(choices=((1, '游客用户'), (2, '普通用户'), (3, '超级管理')), default=1)
# 1游客用户,2普通用户,3超级管理员
class UserToken(models.Model):
token = models.CharField(max_length=32)
user = models.OneToOneField(to='User', on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True)
# 三种过滤方式实现能够搜索图书,带排序
进阶练习
-继承BaseThrottle,重写allow_request,实现按ip,一分钟只能访问3次
#(1)取出访问者ip
#(2)判断当前ip不在访问字典里,添加进去,并且直接返回True,表示第一次访问,在字典里,继续往下走
#(3)循环判断当前ip的列表,有值,并且当前时间减去列表的最后一个时间大于60s,把这种数据pop掉,这样列表中只有60s以内的访问时间,
#(4)判断,当列表小于3,说明一分钟以内访问不足三次,把当前时间插入到列表第一个位置,返回True,顺利通过
#(5)当大于等于3,说明一分钟内访问超过三次,返回False验证失败
# 基于APIView写分页