What does WindowHandles mean in IWebDriver of Selenium?

What does WindowHandles mean in IWebDriver of Selenium?

In Selenium, a WindowHandle is a unique identifier assigned to each browser window or tab that is opened by the WebDriver instance. When a new window or tab is opened, it is assigned a new WindowHandle.

The IWebDriver interface in Selenium provides a WindowHandles property which returns a collection of string values representing the unique WindowHandle for each open window or tab.

This property can be used to switch between windows or tabs, by specifying the desired WindowHandle to activate. For example, you can use the SwitchTo() method to switch to a new window or tab like this:

// Get the list of all available window handles
var windowHandles = driver.WindowHandles;

// Switch to the first window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]);

// Switch to the second window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);

// Switch back to the first window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]);

Could you show the example which include open two windows or tabs

Sure! Here's an example in C# that demonstrates how to open two browser windows and switch between them using the WindowHandles property:

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using System;

namespace SeleniumDemo
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
            
            // Open the first window
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");
            Console.WriteLine("Title of first window: " + driver.Title);
            
            // Open a new window
            IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor)driver;
            js.ExecuteScript("window.open('https://www.bing.com','_blank');");
            
            // Switch to the new window
            driver.SwitchTo().Window(driver.WindowHandles[1]);
            Console.WriteLine("Title of second window: " + driver.Title);
            
            // Switch back to the first window
            driver.SwitchTo().Window(driver.WindowHandles[0]);
            Console.WriteLine("Title of first window after switching back: " + driver.Title);
            
            // Close the second window
            driver.Close();
            
            // Close the first window
            driver.Quit();
        }
    }
}

This code opens the Google homepage in the first window and then opens a new window with the Bing homepage. The code then switches to the new window and prints its title, before switching back to the first window and printing its title again. Finally, the code closes both windows.

 

Write it in UnitTest instead of Main method

Here's an example of opening two windows using NUnit as the unit testing framework:

using NUnit.Framework;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

[TestFixture]
public class MyTests
{
    private IWebDriver driver;

    [SetUp]
    public void Setup()
    {
        driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();
    }

    [Test]
    public void TestOpeningMultipleWindows()
    {
        // Open the first window
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");
        Console.WriteLine($"Window Handle 1: {driver.CurrentWindowHandle}");

        // Open a new window
        IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor)driver;
        js.ExecuteScript("window.open();");
        Console.WriteLine($"Window Handles 2: {string.Join(", ", driver.WindowHandles)}");

        // Switch to the new window
        driver.SwitchTo().Window(driver.WindowHandles[1]);
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.github.com");
        Console.WriteLine($"Window Handle 2: {driver.CurrentWindowHandle}");

        // Switch back to the first window
        driver.SwitchTo().Window(driver.WindowHandles[0]);
        Console.WriteLine($"Window Handle 1: {driver.CurrentWindowHandle}");
    }

    [TearDown]
    public void TearDown()
    {
        driver.Quit();
    }
}

This code uses the ChromeDriver to open two windows. The first window is opened by navigating to Google, and the second window is opened using a JavaScript executor. The code then switches to the new window, navigates to GitHub, and then switches back to the original window.

 

 

作者:Chuck Lu    GitHub