40款你未必知道的图形界面操作系统
40款你未必知道的图形界面操作系统
第1款:1973年4月 图形操作系统鼻祖--alto
1973年4月,第一个可操作的alto电脑在xerox parc完成。alto是第一个把计算机所有元素结合到一起的图形界面操作系统。它使用3键鼠标、位运算显示器、图形窗口、以太网络连接。
第2款:1980年 元老级的图形工作站--perq
three rivers computer corporation推出perq图形工作站
第3款:1981年7月 alto的商用版本--star系统
1981年7月,xerox推出star系统,它是alto的商用版本。
特点:双击图标技术、多窗口、对话框概念、1024×768的分辨率。
第4款:1983年1月 苹果(apple)--lisa系统
1983年1月,apple推出lisa系统。
特点:下拉菜单和菜单条技术。
第5款:1983年 首款ibm pc图形软件环境--visi on
1983年,visi推出visi on,它是第一款为ibm pc设计的集成图形软件环境。
第6款:1983年 微软为ibm pc设计的windows程序
1983年,微软宣布它为ibm pc设计的windows程序,不过这个系统到1985年才发布。
特点:多窗口、可改变大小窗口。
第7款:1984年 apple推出macintosh图形系统
apple推出的macintosh图形系统
第8款:1984年9月 gem icon/desktop用户界面系统
1984年9月,digital research针对8086和dos计算机推出gem icon/desktop用户界面系统,这个系统稍后演变为atarist。
第9款:1984年7月 mit推出“window system x”
1984年7月,mit推出“window system x”。
它1-6个版本使用单色画,使用dec vs100显示器。8-10个版本开始使用彩色显示。vaxstation ii/gpx.x10是第一个被广泛使用的版本。第11个版本被设计成一个很高性能的系统,有很好的窗口管理风格,良好的图形表现和系统扩展能力。
第10款:1985年后,geos先后有了commodore 64和apple ii上的版本
第11款:1985年7月 commodore推出amiga 100 开始艳了
1985年7月,commodore推出amiga 100(amiga workbench version 1.0)。
第12款:1985年8月 微软终于发布了首个windows版本
1985年8月,微软最终发布第一个windows版本。
特点:窗口不可重叠,但可平铺;窗口不会覆盖屏幕下方的图标区域。
第13款:1986年 apple表示会控告digital research
1986年,apple表示会控告digital research,因为其gem桌面系统跟自己的macintosh非常相像。
digital reseach最终修改了自己的桌面系统。新的gem桌面系统现在只有用两个无法移动、无法改变大小的窗口来浏览文件。
第14款:1987年 首款彩色mac系统--macintosh ii
1987年,apple推出macintosh ii,它是第一款彩色mac系统。
特点:640×480,56色,24位显卡。
第15款:1987年 微软发布第二个windows版本-v2.03
1987年,微软发布第二个windows版本,v2.03。
特点:可改变大小/可重叠的窗口、加进了其他窗口控制功能。
第16款:1987年 risc系统的基础--arthur系统
1987年,acorn发布应用于acorn电脑的arthur系统,它是risc系统的基础,risc os 2和3和它有类似的外观,但有很大的改善。
第17款:1988年9月 为苹果iigs设计的16位系统-gs/os
1988年9月,apple发布gs/os,是为apple iigs设计的16位操作系统,这个系统跟macintosh的外观很相像
第18款:1988年10月 ibm发布os/2 1.10 标准版
1988年10月,ibm发布os/2 1.10 standard edition。os2增加了叫做“presentation manager”的图形用户界面。1.10 gui是由微软开发的,看上去有点像windows 2。
第19款:1988年10月 元老品牌机--next computer
1988年10月,next computer发布了,价格为6500美元。
它使用:
25mhz’ 30 processor
8mb ram
250mb optical disk drive,
数字处理器,
声卡
fax modem
17寸显示器
第20款:1990年 amiga workbench 2 for a3000
1990年,commodore发布amiga workbench 2 for a3000。
特点:新3d效果,可定制菜单。
第21款:1990年5月 微软发布--windows 3.0
1990年5月,微软发布windows 3.0。
特点:程序管理shell
第22款:1990年11月 geoworks发布--pg-geos
1990年11月,geoworks发布pg-geos。
第23款:1992年春 真正的32位操作系统--os/2 v2.0
1992年春,ibm发布os/2 version2.0,真正的32位操作系统。
特点:workplace shell、面向对象的用户界面。
第24款:1992年3月 微软windows 3.1 支持多媒体
1992年3月,微软推出windows 3.1,界面跟3.0差不多,但这个版本包含了多媒体支持。
熟悉的三维曲线
第25款:1992年5月 绝对炫--amiga workbench 3发布
1992年5月,amiga workbench 3发布。
特点:使用图片做背景、色彩调节。
颜色很丰富了
第26款:1993年5月 微软发布 首个windowsnt版本
1993年5月,微软发布windows nt的第一个版本,是32位操作系统。同样使用3.1的版本号,它为intel,power pc,alpha和mips系统设计。
第27款:1994年 首个微核心窗口系统-photon microgui
1994年,qnx software systems发布他们第一个微核心窗口操作系统:photon microgui
ps:生产amiga电脑极其操作系统的commodore公司于此年倒闭
第28款:1995年8月24日 值得纪念 微软发布windows 95
1995年8月24日,微软发布windows 95。
1995年8月24日,微软发布具有里程碑意义的windows 95。
第29款:1995年 首款专为多处理器系统开发的--beos
1995年,beos发布,这是第一个为定制的多处理器系统(bebox)开发的操作系统,
擅长于多媒体领域.
第30款:1996年 new deal发布new deal office 2.5
1996年,new deal发布new deal office 2.5,它的前身是pc-geos。
第31款:1996年 蓝色巨人ibm--发布os/2 warp 4
1996年,ibm发布os/2 warp 4,这个系统上workplace shell技术有重大应用。
第32款:1996年 基于win95 微软发布--windows nt 4.0
1996年,微软发布windows nt 4.0,它使用和windows 95相同的用户界面
第33款:1997年6月 当时销售最好的系统--macos 8
1997年6月,mac os 8发布。在两周内销售125万套,是那个时期销售最好的操作系统
第34款:1998年7月25日 熟悉的温酒吧来了-windows98
1998年7月25日,微软发布windows 98。
别跟我说,你不知道它!
特点:ie,浏览器取代了windows shell和帮助系统。
第35款:1999年 基于unix apple发布mac os x server
1999年,apple发布mac os x server,是基于unix的操作系统,使用macintosh gui。
第36款:1999年7月 risc os ltd发布--risc os 4
1999年7月,risc os ltd发布risc os 4,使用于riscpc a7000 或 a7000+。
ps:神无:riscpc a7000??arm的cpu??
第37款:2000年1月5日 apple发布aqua 唯美风格开始
第38款:2000年2月17日 迄今最稳定的系统-windows2000
2000年2月17日,微软发布windows 2000(aka windows nt 5)。
相信现在还有很多人在用
第39款:2001年10月25日 windowsxp登场 激活技术…汗!
2001年10月25日,微软发布windows xp(aka windows nt 5.1)。
特点:激活技术...汗
逼着我用d版,-___-!!!
第40款:2003年4月24日 微软发布windows server 2003
2003年4月24日,微软发布windows server 2003(aka windows nt 5.2,也叫windows.net server)。
特点:只发布服务器版本.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
操作系统列表1:
-------------------------
Amiga Research OS
Arch Linux
Ares Desktop
BeOS Max
BeOS Personal
BlueCat Linux
Brix
Calyptos
Cefarix
Clicker32
ClosedBSD
Conectiva
Coyote Linux
CP/M
Darwin
Debian GNU/HURD
Debian GNU/Linux
Debian GNU/NetBSD
DragonLinux
eCos
EnGarde Linux
ERIKA
EROS
Fedora Core
Fiasco
FIRE
FlightLinux
FreeBSD
FreeDOS
GazOS
GeekOS
GEM
Gemini Nucleus
GenSTEP
Gentoo Linux
GNU/Lesbian Linux
Immunix
IPCop
JBLinux
KNOPPIX Linux Live
Komodo
KRUD
Kurumin Linux
LainOS
LibraNet Linux
Linux Antarctica
Linux From Scratch
Linux Router Project
Lycoris Desktop/LX
Mandrakelinux
Mandrakesoft Business
Menuet
Minix
MkLinux
Mobius
ModulOS
Momonga Linuxd
NetBSD
NewOS
Oberon
Odin
OpenBeOS
OpenBSD
OppcOS
Peanut Linux
PicoBSD
Plan 9
PM_SZ_OS
PowerOS
ReactOS
RDOS
Red Flag Linux
ROCK Linux
Rome
RTEMS
S.Ha.R.K
SkyOS
Slackware Linux
SmoothWall Express
SOT Linux
Spinix
Stampede Linux
Syllable
Tinfoil Hat Linux
TurboLinux
Unununium
Vector Linux
Visual Network OS
VSTa
WINE
WinLinux
Wolverine
Xandros
XTeam Linux
Yellow Dog Linux
yellowTAB Zeta
Yoper
Commercial Alternatives
AIX
AmigaOS
eComStation
Hancom Linux
HP-UX
IBM PC-DOS
IRIX
Linspire
LynxOS
Mac OS X
Mac OS X Server
MontaVista Linux
MorphOS
Novell NetWare
OpenVMS
OS/2 Warp
PhatLinux
QNX
Red Hat Desktop
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
RISC-OS
SmoothWall Ltd.
Sun Java Desktop System
Sun Solaris OS
SuSE Home Users
SuSE LINUX Server
Tru64 UNIX
操作系统列表2:
目录 [隐藏]
1 早期操作系统(专利保护)
2 非Unix商业操作系统
3 Unix及类似系统
4 其他
4.1 Acorn
4.2 Amiga
4.3 Atari ST
4.4 苹果电脑(Apple/Macintosh)
4.5 Be
4.6 Digital/康柏(Compaq)
4.7 IBM
4.8 微软(Microsoft)
4.9 Novell
4.10 NeXT
4.11 Prime Computer
4.12 西门子
4.13 个人电子助理(PDA)操作系统
4.14 智能手机操作系统
5 其他操作系统
6 参看
[编辑]早期操作系统(专利保护)
TRS-DOS,ROM OS's
TI99-4
Commodore PET,64,和 VIC-20,
第一套IBM-PC
苹果电脑
Sinclair Micro和QX等
[编辑]非Unix商业操作系统
CPM操作系统
MP/M-80
UCSD P-system
Mini-FLEX
SSB-DOS
CP/M-86
DR-DOS
FreeDOS
MS-DOS
PC-DOS
Mach
CHORUS
Choices
Multics
OS-9
NSJ
[编辑]Unix及类似系统
UNIX
微软Xenix
ChorusOS
Cromix
UNIflex
OS-9
IBM的AIX
BSD
FreeBSD
NetBSD
OpenBSD
DragonflyBSD
Digital UNIX,即之后康柏Tru64
DNIX
HP的HP-UX
GNU/Hurd
SGI的IRIX
Linux(或称GNU/Linux)
Mac OS X
MenuetOS
Minix
OSF/1
SCO的SCO UNIX
Sun的SunOS,即之后的Solaris
System V
Ultrix
UniCOS
LindowsOS
OS/390
z/OS
Syllable
[编辑]其他
[编辑]Acorn
Arthur
ARX
RISC OS
RISCiX
[编辑]Amiga
AmigaOS
[编辑]Atari ST
TOS
MultiTOS
MiNT
[编辑]苹果电脑(Apple/Macintosh)
Apple DOS
ProDOS
Mac OS
Mac OS X
[编辑]Be
BeOS
BeIA
[编辑]Digital/康柏(Compaq)
AIS
OS-8
RSTS/E
RSX-11
RT-11
TOPS-10
TOPS-20
VMS(后更名为OpenVMS)
[编辑]IBM
OS/2
AIX
OS/400
OS/390
VM/CMS
DOS/VSE
VSE/SP
VSE/ESA
OS/360
MFT
MVT
SVS
MVS
TPF
ALCS
z/OS
PC-DOS
[编辑]微软(Microsoft)
MS-DOS
Xenix
Microsoft Bob
Windows
Windows 1.0
Windows 2.0
Windows 3.1
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows ME
Windows NT
Windows NT 3.5
Windows NT 4
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows XP Media Center Edition
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2003 64-bit Edition
Windows Vista
[编辑]Novell
NetWare
Unixware
SUSE Linux
[编辑]NeXT
NeXTStep(即之后的Mac OS X)
Plan 9
Inferno
[编辑]Prime Computer
Primos
[编辑]西门子
BS2000
[编辑]个人电子助理(PDA)操作系统
Palm OS
Pocket PC
EPOC
Microsoft Windows CE
Linux
[编辑]智能手机操作系统
Windows Mobile系列
Embedded Linux由Montavista创造,在Motorola's A760,E680等机型上使用
Mobilinux由Montavista创造
Symbian OS系列
[编辑]其他操作系统
动态可扩展操作系统
MIT的Exo Kernel
华盛顿大学的 SPIN
哈佛大学的 VINO
illinois大学的Choices
3.
Operating systems timeline
来源:http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/
This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems from 1960 to 2003. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the related History of computing.
1961
CTSS
1964
OS/360 (announced)
1965
Multics (announced)
OS/360 (shipped)
Tape Operating System (TOS)
1966
MS/8
1967
CP/CMS
ITS
WAITS
1969
ACP (IBM)
TENEX
Unix
1970
DOS/BATCH 11 (PDP-11)
1971
/A>
1972
MFT
MVT
RDOS
SVS
VM/CMS
1973
Alto OS
RSX-11D
RT-11
VME
1974
MVS (MVS/XA)
1976
/A> TOPS-20
1978
Apple DOS 3.1 (first Apple OS)
TripOS
VMS
1979
Apple DOS 3.2
1980
Apple DOS 3.3
OS-9
QDOS
SOS
XDE (Tajo) (Xerox Development Environment)
Xenix
1981
MS-DOS
1982
SunOS (1.0)
Ultrix
1983
Lisa OS
Coherent
ProDOS
1984
Macintosh OS (System 1.0)
QNX
UniCOS
1985
AmigaOS
Atari TOS
MIPS OS
Microsoft Windows 1.0
1986
GS-OS
HP-UX
1987
Arthur
IRIX (3.0 is first SGI version)
Minix
/A> (1.0) Microsoft Windows 2.0
1988
A/UX (Apple Computer)
LynxOS
MVS/ESA
OS/400
1989
AIX
NeXTSTEP (1.0)
RISC OS
SCO Unix (release 3)
1990
BeOS (v1)
O/A>
1991
Linux
1992
Solaris (2.0 is first not called SunOS)
Windows 3.1
1993
Plan 9
FreeBSD
NetBSD
Windows NT 3.1 (First version of NT)
1995
Digital Unix (aka Tru64 )
OpenBSD
OS/390
Windows 95
1997
Mac OS 7.6 (first officially-named Mac OS)
1998
Windows 98
1999
Mac OS 8
2000
AtheOS
Mac OS 9
Windows 2000
Windows ME
2001
Mac OS X
Windows XP
z/OS
2002
Syllable
2003
Windows Server 2003
External links
http://www.levenez.com/unix/ -- Timeline of UNIX history
操作系统简史(英文版)
1970 Development of UNIX operating system started. It was later released as C source code to aid portability, and subsequently versions are obtainable for many different computers, including the IBM PC. It and it’s clones (such as Linux) are still widely used on network and Internet servers. Originally developed by Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie.
1975 Unix marketed (see 1970).
1980 - October Development of MS-DOS/PC-DOS began. Microsoft (known mainly for their programming languages) were commissioned to write the Operating System for the PC, Digital Research failed to get the contract (there is much legend as to the real reason for this). DR’s Operating System, CP/M-86 was later shipped but it was actually easier to adapter programs to DOS rather than CP/M-86, and CP/M-86 cost $495. As Microsoft didn’t have an operating system to sell they bought Seattle Computer Product’s 86-DOS which had been written by Tim Paterson earlier that year (86-DOS was also know as Q-DOS, Quick & Dirty Operating System, it was a more-or-less 16bit version of CP/M). The rights were actually bought in July 1981. It is reputed that IBM found over 300 bugs in the code when they subjected the operating system and re-wrote much of the code.
Tim Paterson’s DOS 1.0 was 4000 lines of assembler.
1981 - August 12 MS-DOS 1.0., PC-DOS 1.0.
Microsoft (known mainly for their programming languages) were commissioned by IBM to write the operating system, they bought a program called 86-DOS from Tim Paterson which was loosely based on CP/M 80. The final program from Microsoft was marketed by IBM as PC-DOS and by Microsoft as MS-DOS, collaboration on subsequent versions continued until version 5.0 in 1991.
Compared to modern versions of DOS version 1 was very basic, the most notable difference was the presence of just 1 directory, the root directory, on each disk. Subdirectories were not supported until version 2.0 (March, 1983).
MS-DOS (and PC-DOS) was the main operating system for all IBM-PC compatible computers until 1995 when Windows ’95 began to take over the market, and Microsoft turned its back on MS-DOS (leaving MS-DOS 6.22 from 1993 as the last version written - although the DOS Shell in Windows ’95 calls itself MS-DOS version 7.0, and has some improved features like long filename support). According to Microsoft, in 1994, MS-DOS was running on some 100 million computers world-wide.
1982 - March MS-DOS 1.25, PC-DOS 1.1
1983 - March MS-DOS 2.0, PC-DOS 2.0
Introduced with the IBM XT this version included a UNIX style hierarchical sub-directory structure, and altered the way in which programs could load and access files on the disk.
1983 - May MS-DOS 2.01
1983 - October PC-DOS 2.1 (for PC Jr). Like the PC Jr this was not a great success and quickly disappeared from the market.
1983 - October MS-DOS 2.11
1984 - August MS-DOS 3.0, PC-DOS 3.0
Released for the IBM AT, it supported larger hard disks as well as High Density (1.2 MB) 5¼" floppy disks.
1985 - March MS-DOS 3.1, PC-DOS 3.1
This was the first version of DOS to provide network support, and provides some new DangerCodes to handle networking.
1985 - October Version 2.25 included support for foreign character sets, and was marketed in the Far East.
1985 - November Microsoft Windows Launched. Not really widely used until version 3, released in 1990, Windows required DOS to run and so was not a complete operating system (until Windows ’95, released on August 21, 1995). It merely provided a G.U.I. similar to that of the Macintosh., in fact so similar that Apple tried to sue Microsoft for copying the ’look and feel’ of their operating system. This court case was not dropped until August 1997.
1985 - December MS-DOS 3.2, PC-DOS 3.2
This version was the first to support 3½" disks, although only the 720KB ones. Version 3.2 remained the standard version until 1987 when version 3.3 was released with the IBM PS/2.
1987 Microsoft Windows 2 released. It was more popular than the original version but it was nothing special mind you, Windows 3 (see 1990) was the first really useful version.
1987 - April MS-DOS 3.3, PC-DOS 3.3
Released with the IBM PS/2 this version included support for the High Density (1.44MB) 3½" disks. It also supported hard disk partitions, splitting a hard disk into 2 or more logical drives.
1987 - April OS/2 Launched by Microsoft and IBM. A later enhancement, OS/2 Warp provided many of the 32-bit enhancements boasted by Windows ’95 - but several years earlier, yet the product failed to dominate the market in the way Windows ’95 did 8 year later.
1987 - October/November Compaq DOS (CPQ-DOS) v3.31 released to cope with disk partitions >32MB. Used by some other OEMs, but not distributed by Microsoft.
1988 - July/August? PC-DOS 4.0, MS-DOS 4.0
Version 3.4 - 4.x are confusing due to lack of correlation between IBM & Microsoft and also the USA & Europe. Several ’Internal Use only’ versions were also produced.
This version reflected increases in hardware capabilities, it supported hard drives greater than 32 MB (up to 2 GB) and also EMS memory.
This version was not properly tested and was bug ridden, causing system crashes and loss of data. The original release was IBM’s, but Microsoft’s version 4.0 (in October) was no better and version 4.01 was released (in November) to correct this, then version 4.01a (in April 1989) as a further improvement. However many people could not trust this and reverted to version 3.3 while they waited for the complete re-write (version 5 - 3 years later). Beta’s of Microsoft’s version 4.0 were apparently shipped as early as ’86 & ’87.
1988 - November MS-DOS 4.01, PC-DOS 4.01
This corrected many of the bugs seen in version 4.0, but many users simply switched back to version 3.3 and waited for a properly re-written and fully tested version - which did not come until version 5 in June 1991. Support for disk partitions >32Mb.
1990 - May 22 Introduction of Windows 3.0 by Bill Gates & Microsoft. It is true multitasking (or pretends to be on computers less than an 80386, by operating in ’Real’ mode) system. It maintained compatibility with MS-DOS, on an 80386 it even allows such programs to multitask - which they were not designed to do. This created a real threat to the Macintosh and despite a similar product, IBM’s OS/2, it was very successful. Various improvements were made, versions 3.1, 3.11 - but the next major step did not come until Windows ’95 in 1995 which relied much more heavily on the features of the 80386 and provided support for 32 bit applications.
1991 - June MS-DOS 5.0, PC-DOS 5.0
In order to promote OS/2 Bill Gates took every opportunity after it’s release to say ’DOS is dead’, however the development of DOS 5.0 lead to the permanent dropping of OS/2 development.
This version, after the mess of version 4, was properly tested through the distribution of Beta versions to over 7,500 users. This version included the ability to load device drivers and TSR programs above the 640KB boundary (into UMBs and the HMA), freeing more RAM for programs. This version marked the end of collaboration between Microsoft and IBM on DOS.
1991 - August Linux is born with the following post to the Usenet Newsgroup comp.os.minix:
Hello everybody out there using minix-
I’m doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won’t be
big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.
The post was by a Finnish college student, Linus Torvalds, and this hobby grew from these humble beginnings into one of the most widely used UNIX-like operating systems in the world today. It now runs on many different types of computer, including the Sun SPARC and the Compaq Alpha, as well as many ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and Motorola 68000 based computers.
In 1992, the GNU project (http://www.gnu.org/) adopted the Linux kernel for use on GNU systems while they waited for the development of their own (Hurd) kernel to be completed. The GNU project’s aim is to provide a complete and free UNIX like operating system, combining the Linux or Hurd platform with the a complete suite of free software to run on it. In order to allow it to carry the GNU name, the Linux kernel copyright was changed to the GNU Public License Agreement (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) on the 1st of February 1992.
1992 - April Introduction of Windows 3.1
1993 - December MS-DOS 6.0. This included a Hard-Disk compression program called DoubleSpace, but a small computing company called ’Stac’ claimed that DoubleSpace was partly a copy of their Compression Program, Stacker. After paying damages Microsoft withdrew DoubleSpace from MS-DOS 6.2, releasing a new program - DriveSpace - with MS-DOS version 6.22. In operation and programming interface DriveSpace remains virtually identical to DoubleSpace. MS-DOS 6.22 remains the last version of MS-DOS released, since Microsoft turned its efforts to Windows ’95. Windows ’95 (and later) DOS shell reports itself as DOS 7 - and includes a few enhancements, e.g. support for long filenames.
1994 - March 14 Linus Torvalds released version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel.
1994 - September PC-DOS 6.3 Basically the same as version 5.0 this release by IBM included more bundled software, such as Stacker (the program that caused Microsoft so much embarrassment) and anti-virus software.
1995 - March Linus released Linux Kernel v1.2.0 (Linux’95).
1995 - August 21 [poss. 23] Windows ’95 was launched by Bill Gates & Microsoft. Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows ’95 is an entire operating system - it does not rely on MS-DOS (although some remnants of the old operating system still exist). Windows ’95 was written specially for the 80386 and compatible computers to make ’full’ use of its 32 bit processing and multitasking capabilities, and thus is much more similar to Windows NT than Windows 3.x. Windows 95 and NT 4 are almost indistinguishable in many respects - such as User Interface and API. Unfortunately, in order to maintain backwards compatibility, Windows 95 doesn’t impose the same memory protection and security measures that NT does and so suffers from much worse reliability. Despite being remarkable similar in DangerCode to OS/2 Warp (produced by IBM and Microsoft several years earlier, but marketed by IBM), Windows ’95 has proved very popular.
1996 Windows ’95 OSR2 (OEM System Release 2) was released - partly to fix bugs found in release 1 - but only to computer retailers for sale with new systems. There were actually two separated releases of Windows 95 OSR2 before the introduction of Windows ’98, the second of which contained both USB and FAT32 support - the main selling points of Windows ’98. FAT32 is a new filing system that provides support for disk paritions bigger than 2.1GB and is better at coping with large disks (especially in terms of wasted space).
1996 - June 9 Linux 2.0 released. 2.0 was a significant improvement over the earlier versions: it was the first to support multiple architectures (originally developed for the Intel 386 processor, it now supported the Digital Alpha and would very soon support Sun SPARC many others). It was also the first stable kernel to support SMP, kernel modules, and much more.
1998 - June 25 Microsoft released Windows ’98. Some U.S. attorneys tried to block it’s release since the new O/S interfaces closely with other programs such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and so effectively closes the market of such software to other companies. Microsoft fought back with a letter to the White House suggesting that 26 of it’s industry allies said that a delay in the release of the new O/S could damage the U.S. economy. The main selling points of Windows ’98 were it’s support for USB and it’s support for disk paritions greater than 2.1GB.
1999 - Jan 25 Linux Kernel 2.2.0 Released. The number of people running Linux is estimated at over 10million, making it an not only important operating system in the Unix world, but an increasingly important one in the PC world.
2000 - Feb 17 Offical Launch of Windows 2000 - Microsoft’s replacement for Windows 95/98 and Windows NT. Claimed to be faster and more reliable than previous versions of Windows. It is actually a descendant of the NT series, and so the trade-off for increased reliability is that it won’t run some old DOS-based games. To keep the home market happy Microsoft have also released Windows ME, the newest member of the 95/98 series.
2001 - Jan 4 Linux kernel 2.4.0 released.
2001 - March 24 Apple released MacOS X. At it’s heart is `Darwin’, an Open Source kernel based on FreeBSD. Using this MacOS X finally gives Mac users the stabilty benifits of a protected memory architecture along many other enhancements, such as preemptive multitasking. The BSD base also makes porting UNIX applications to MacOS easier and gives Mac users a fully featured command line interface alongside their GUI.
2001 - October 25 Microsoft released Windows XP - the latest version of their Windows operating system. Based on the NT series kernel, it is intended to bring together both the NT/2000 series and the Windows 95/98/ME series into one product. Of, course, it was originally hoped that this would happen with Windows 2000 ... so only time will tell if Microsoft have suceeded with Windows XP.
4.
操作系统(Operating System,简称OS)是计算机系统中负责支撑应用程序运行环境以及用户操作环境的系统软件,同时也是计算机系统的核心与基石。它的职责通常(但并非绝对)包括对硬件的直接监管、对各种计算资源(如内存、处理器时间等)的管理、以及提供诸如作业管理之类的面向应用程序的服务等等。操作系统的理论是计算机科学中一个古老而又活跃的分支,而操作系统的设计与实现则是软件工业的基础与核心。
目录 [隐藏]
1 今天的操作系统
2 功能
3 结构
3.1 简单结构
3.2 层结构
3.3 微内核结构
3.4 垂直结构
3.5 虚拟机结构
4 分类
4.1 内核结构
4.2 实时与非实时
4.3 多任务与单任务
4.4 16位、32位、64位
5 参看
6 部分操作系统
7 外部链接
[编辑]今天的操作系统
到2005年6月为止,用于通用计算机上的分布的操作系统主要两个家族:类Unix家族和微软Windows家族。主机系统和嵌入式操作系统使用多样的系统,并且很多和Windows和Unix都没有直接的联系。
类Unix家族包括多个组织的操作系统,其中有几个主要的子类包括System V,BSD和Linux。这里'Unix'是一个商标,开发组织允许使用操作系统在一个定义前提下自由地开发。这名字是通用大型设置操作系统类似组织Unix。Unix系统运行在多种机器架构。Unix 是使用使用在重要的商务服务器系统,也工作站形式在学院和工程环境中。自由软件和Unix不同,比如Linux 和 BSD 逐步开始流行,并且开始进入在桌面操作系统领域。和一些Unix操作系统不同,像惠普公司的HPUX和IBM公司的AIX是设计仅运行在客户购买的设备上,其中有一些特殊的(比如SUN公司的Solaris)可以运行在客户购买设备和基于工业标准的PC上。APPLE公司的Mac OS X是一个BSD特例,以取代早期小型市场上的苹果公司Mac OS,众多流行的Unix操作系统正在走向一体。
微软家族图形层领先Windows操作系统起源于早期的IBM PC环境中的MS-DOS,现在版本是基于新的Windows NT内核,第一次是在OS/2中制定。Windows运行在32位和64位的Intel或者AMD的计算机中,尽管早期版本运行在DEC Alpha,MIPS 和 PowerPC体系结构。今天Windows是一个流行的操作系统,在全球桌面市场中占有90%左右的份额,同时在中低端服务器市场也有广泛的应用,如Web服务器和数据库服务器。译者提示:NT是 New Technology 而不是 Network Technology,这点很多人都出现过误解.
大型机系统,比如IBM公司的Z/OS,和嵌入式操作系统比如QNX , eCOs 和 PalmOS都是和Unix和Windows无关的操作系统,而Windows CE ,Windows NT Embedded 4.0 和 Windows XP Embedded 都是和Windows相关的。
老的操作系统停留在市场包括类似IBM Windows的OS/2;来自惠普的VMS(以前的DEC);苹果公司的Mac OS操作系统,非Unix先驱苹果公司Mac OS X;和AmigaOS,第一个图形用户界面的操作系统,包括对于普通用户的高级的多媒体能力.
[编辑]功能
操作系统位于底层硬件与用户之间,是两者沟通的桥梁。用户可以通过操作系统的用户界面,输入命令。操作系统则对命令进行解释,驱动硬件设备,实现用户要求。
[编辑]结构
操作系统理论研究者有时把操作系统分成四大部分:
驱动程序 - 最底层的、直接控制和监视各类硬件的部分,它们的职责是隐藏硬件的具体细节,并向其他部分提供一个抽象的、通用的接口。
内核 - 操作系统之最核心部分,通常运行在最高特权级,负责提供基础性、结构性的功能。
支承库 - (亦作“接口库”)是一系列特殊的程序库,它们指责在于把系统所提供的基本服务包装成应用程序所能够使用的编程接口(API),是最靠近应用程序的部分。例如,GNU C运行期库就属于此类,它把各种操作系统的内部编程接口包装成ANSI C和POSIX编程接口的形式。
外围 - 所谓外围,是指操作系统中除以上三类以外的所有其他部分,通常是用于提供特定高级服务的部件。例如,在微内核结构中,大部分系统服务,以及UNIX/Linux中各种守护进程都通常被划归此列。
当然,本节所提出的四部结构观也绝非放之四海皆准。例如,在早期的微软视窗操作系统中,各部分耦合程度很深,难以区分彼此。而在使用外核结构的操作系统中,则根本没有驱动程序的概念。因而,本节的讨论只适用于一般情况,具体特例需具体分析。
操作系统中四大部分的不同布局,也就形成了几种整体结构的分野。常见的结构包括:简单结构、层结构、微内核结构、垂直结构、和虚拟机(虛擬機器Virtual Machine)结构。
[编辑]简单结构
很多商用操作系统都没有清晰的整体结构,系统中的各个部件混杂在一起。这些操作系统往往是由很小的实验性的项目逐步演化而来的,因而宏观结构非常模糊。 MS-DOS就是一个很好的例子,在设计之初,MS-DOS的设计目标是在比较有限的硬件资源上运行比较有限的应用程序,开发人员很可能都没有预料到它日后在市场上的巨大成功,因而模块之间的相对独立性几乎被忽略。相似的情况也发生在UNIX家族之中。早期的UNIX因为受限于当时的硬件能力,也一直都是采用非常简单的、随着UNIX的不断发展这样结构也很快成为了UNIX演进的瓶颈。其他采用这种简单结构的操作系统还包括PalmOS 5以前的PalmOS,以及很多其他的小型的嵌入式操作系统。
[编辑]层结构
[编辑]微内核结构
[编辑]垂直结构
[编辑]虚拟机结构
[编辑]分类
[编辑]内核结构
主条目: 内核
内核是操作系统最核心最基础的构件,因而,内核结构往往对操作系统的外部特性以及应用领域有着一定程度的影响。尽管随着理论和实践的不断演进,操作系统高层特性与内核结构之间的耦合有日趋缩小之势,但习惯上,内核结构仍然是操作系统分类之常用标准。
内核的结构可以分为 单内核(monolithic kernel), 微内核(microkernel), 超微内核(nanokernel),以及外核(exokernel)等。详情参见操作系统内核。
单内核结构是操作系统中各核心部件杂然混居的形态,该结构于二十世纪六十年代(亦有二十世纪五十年代初之说,尚存争议),历史最长,是操作系统内核与外围分离时的最初形态。微内核结构是二十世纪八十年代产生出来的较新的内核结构,强调结构性部件与功能性部件的分离。二十世纪末,基于微内核结构,理论界中又发展出了超微内核与外内核等多种结构。尽管自二十世纪八十年代起,大部分理论研究都集中在以微内核为首的“新兴”结构之上,然而,在应用领域之中,以单内核结构为基础的操作系统却一直占据着主导地位。在众多常用操作系统之中,除了QNX和基于Mach的UNIX等个别系统外,几乎全部采用单内核结构,例如Linux,大部分的Unix,以及Windows(微软声称Windows NT是基于改良的微内核架构的,尽管理论界对此存有异议)。微内核和超微内核结构主要用于研究性操作系统,还有一些嵌入式系统使用外核。
基于单内核的操作系统通常有着较长的历史渊源。例如,绝大部分UNIX的家族史都可上溯至二十世纪六十年代。该类操作系统多数有着相对古老的设计和实现(例如某些UNIX中存在着大量七、八十年代的代码)。另外,往往在性能方面略优于同一应用领域中采用其他内核结构的操作系统(但通常认为此种性能优势不能完全归功于单内核结构)。
===通用与专用、嵌入式===去
[编辑]实时与非实时
“实时操作系统”(Real Time OS)泛指所有据有一定实时资源调度以及通讯能力的操作系统。而所谓“实时”,不同语境中往往有着非常不同的意义。某些时候仅仅用作“高性能”的同义词。但在操作系统理论中“实时性”所指的通常是特定操作所消耗的时间(以及空间)的上限是可预知的。比如,如果说某个操作系统提供实时内存分配操作,那也就是说一个内存分配操作所用时间(及空间)无论如何也不会超出操作系统所承诺的上限。实时性在某些领域非常重要,比如在工业控制、医疗器材、影音频合成、以及军事领域,实时性都是无可或缺的特性。
常用实时操作系统有QNX、VxWorks、RTLinux等等,而Linux、多数UNIX、以及多数Windows家族成员等都属于非实时操作系统。操作系统整体的实时性通常依仗内核的实时能力,但有时也可在非实时内核上建立实时操作系统,很多在Windows上建立的实时操作系统就属于此类。
在POSIX标准中专有一系用于规范实时操作系统的API,其中包括POSIX.4、POSIX.4a、POSIX.4b(合称POSIX.4)以及POSIX.13等等。符合POSIX.4的操作系统通常被认可为实时操作系统(但实时操作系统并不需要符合POSIX.4标准)。
[编辑]多任务与单任务
[编辑]16位、32位、64位
所谓16位、32位、64位等术语有时指总线宽度,有时指指令宽度(在定长指令集中),而在操作系统理论中主要是指内存寻址的宽度。如果内存的寻址宽度是16位,那么每一个内存地址可以用16个二进制位来表示,也就是说可以在64KB的范围内寻址。同样道理32位的宽度对应4GB的寻址范围,64位的宽度对应16 Exabyte的寻址范围。内存寻址范围并非仅仅是对操作系统而言的,其他类型的软件的设计有时也会被寻址范围而影响。但是在操作系统的设计与实现中,寻址范围却有着更为重要的意义。
在早期的16位操作系统中,由于64KB的寻址范围太小,大都都采用“段”加“线性地址”的二维平面地址空间的设计。分配内存时通常需要考虑“段置换”的问题,同时,应用程序所能够使用的地址空间也往往有比较小的上限。
在32位操作系统中, 4GB的寻址范围对于一般应用程序来说是绰绰有余的,因而,通常使用一维的线性地址空间,而不使用“段”。
PS:thks 4 ur support^_^