yum 程序包管理简介
rpm可以实现程序的快速,简单安装(跟编译安装比),但是rpm自己不能解决依赖,所以很多工具为了自动解决依赖应运而生,其中yum就是其中之一。
yum解决依赖的办法:
-
必须有个文件服务器,里面放置所以的rpm包,以及包的相关元数据(-qi,-qR得到的数据)。元数据可以使用
createrepo
来创建。并放置在repodata目录下。这个文件服务器可以使用ftp,http,nfs协议来传输数据,也可以使用file:///(本地服务)。
-
客户端使用yum程序,安装程序包。安装时,查询文件服务器,自己从文件服务器找依赖,并安装。
yum是一个程序,查看本机是否安装了yum:
# rpm -q yum
yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch
查看yum程序所使用的配置文件:
/etc/yum.conf是主配置文件,它里面引用了目录/etc/yum.repos.d/,所以/etc/yum.repos.d/目录下的*.repo也是yum的配置文件.它提供了所以仓库的公共配置。
实现了把配置文件分割成了许多独立的小的配置文件。
/etc/yum.repos.d/目录下的*.repo:为仓库的指向提供配置信息。
# rpm -qc yum
/etc/logrotate.d/yum#log用
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/yum/version-groups.conf#版本控制
/etc/yum.conf内容:
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release
# This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
# It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m
# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d
[main]:主配置,相当于程序的指向入口
cachedir:缓存路径
keepcache:是否保持缓存
debuglevel:调试级别
logfile:日志文件
exactarch:是否做精确匹配。如果OS是centos7,当找到的rpm包,既有centos6的也有centos7的,如果此处的值是1,则选择centos7的。
gpgcheck:安装时,是否检查完整性和来源合法性。1则检查
plugins:yum是否支持插件。1则支持
使用whatis查看是否有man帮助。
# whatis yum.conf
yum.conf (5) - Configuration file for yum(8).
使用:man 5 yum.conf
可以得到详细的yum.conf配置文件的详细帮助。
仓库指向的定义
-
[repositoryid]:仓库的id
-
name=仓库的名字
-
baseurl=url://path/to/repository/:仓库在哪里,地址可以有多个,那么选哪个呢?根据failovermethod选。
baseurl=url://server1/path/to/repository/
url://server2/path/to/repository/
url://server3/path/to/repository/
- failovermethod={roundrobin|priority}。默认为roundrobin,意味随机选一个url
- gpgcheck={1|0}:1则检查。默认是1.
- enabled={1|0}:是否使用此repo
- gpgkey=URL:公钥
- enablegroups={1|0}:1则使用组功能。默认是1.
- const=默认是1000.有多个符合就选cost小的。
centos7下/etc/yum.repos.d/下的repo配置文件有几个,只有CentOS-Base.repo文件里repo的enabled是1,也就是可以使用状态,其余的配置文件里的repo的enabled都是0.
# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo
CentOS-Base.repo_20191129 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
查看配置文件:/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo的内容。
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
指定baseurl的技巧:指到repodata所在的网页的URL。
上面的updates的baseurl的值就是下图的网页地址栏的URL。理由是repodata在这里。
查看repo list:
# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
!base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base 10,097
!extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras 323
!updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates 1,446
repolist: 11,866
repo id:
repo name:是配置文件/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo里的name的值
status:这个repo里的rmp包的数量。
yum命令介绍
yum [options][command] [package ...]
-
显示repo(仓库)列表(list):repolist [all|enabled|disabled]
- all:显示全部
- enabled:显示可用的。默认值。就是本地repo配置文件里enabled=1的repo会显示出来。
- disabled:显示不可用的。就是本地repo配置文件里enabled=0的repo会显示出来。
# yum repolist all # yum repolist enabled # yum repolist disabled
-
显示指定repo里有哪些rpm包:
yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]
显示所有的包:
# yum list
可以使用glob_exp。
显示内容的第三列:repo配置文件中的repoid
# yum list php* Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Available Packages php.x86_64 5.4.16-46.1.el7_7 updates php-bcmath.x86_64 5.4.16-46.1.el7_7 updates php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-21.el7 base php-pecl-memcache.x86_64 3.0.8-4.el7 base
显示repo中还未安装的包:
yum list available [glob_exp1][...]
# yum list available
显示repo中的可以升级的包:
yum list updates [glob_exp1][...]
# yum list updates
显示已经安装的包:
yum list installed [glob_exp1][...]
- @anaconda:安装系统时,安装的包。
- installed:后来自己安装的。
# yum list installed zlib.x86_64 1.2.7-18.el7 @anaconda zsh.x86_64 5.0.2-33.el7 installed
显示已经安装了的extra repo中的包:
yum list extras [glob_exp1][...]
# yum list extras
显示已经安装的包,哪些已经废弃了:
yum list distro-extras [glob_exp1][...]
# yum list distro-extras
-
安装包:
yum install package1 [package2
如果repo里有多个版本,可以指定版本,例如:
yum install gcc-4.8.5
也可以不指定版本,则安装最新版:
yum install gcc
-
升级包:
yum update [package1][package2] [...]
# yum update gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile No packages marked for update
-
降级:
downgrade package1 [package2][...]
类似:
rpm -Uvh --oldpackage
-
重新覆盖安装:
reinstall package1 [package2][...]
类似:
rpm -ivh --replacepkgs
-
检查有哪些包可以升级:
yum check-update
-
卸载包:
yum remove | erase package1 [package2][...]
当卸载的包,被别的包依赖时,别的包也一并被卸载
卸载cpp:由于gcc依赖于cpp,所有如果卸载cpp,则gcc也会被卸载。
-
查看包的信息:
yum info [glob_exp1][...]
类似rpm -qi
# yum info gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Packages Name : gcc Arch : x86_64 Version : 4.8.5 Release : 39.el7 Size : 37 M Repo : installed From repo : base Summary : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...) URL : http://gcc.gnu.org License : GPLv3+ and GPLv3+ with exceptions and GPLv2+ with exceptions and LGPLv2+ and BSD Description : The gcc package contains the GNU Compiler Collection version 4.8. : You'll need this package in order to compile C code
-
查看程序或文件是有哪个包提供的:
yum provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2
类似rpm -qf file
# yum provides /usr/bin/gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...) Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /usr/bin/gcc gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...) Repo : @base Matched from: Filename : /usr/bin/gcc
-
清除元数据文件在本地的缓存:
clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]
yum按文件时,会把程序包和元数据文件缓存在本地,当安装结束,yum会删除程序包文件,但是不会删除 元数据文件。
-
构建缓存:
yum makecache [fast]
-
用关键字搜索信息:
yum search string1 [string2][...]
从包名和包的summary里搜索指定的关键字。
# yum search bash Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile ====================================================== N/S matched: bash ======================================================= bash-completion.noarch : Programmable completion for Bash bash-doc.x86_64 : Documentation files for bash libguestfs-bash-completion.noarch : Bash tab-completion scripts for libguestfs tools libvirt-bash-completion.x86_64 : Bash completion script pcp-pmda-bash.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for the Bash shell bash.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
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显示某个包所依赖的包:
deplist package1 [package2][...]
# yum deplist gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile package: gcc.x86_64 4.8.5-39.el7 dependency: /bin/sh provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-33.el7 dependency: /sbin/install-info provider: info.x86_64 5.1-5.el7 ...
-
查看yum的安装,更新,卸载的历史:
yum history
不带参数则是history listhistory [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|rollback|new|sync|stats]
# yum history Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 23:00 | Install | 2 4 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 22:59 | Erase | 8 3 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 22:48 | Update | 11 < 2 | ys <ys> | 2019-11-29 17:38 | Install | 8 > 1 | System <unset> | 2019-11-29 16:44 | Install | 1458 history list
上面是汇总的信息,如果想看id为5的详细信息,也就是id为5的安装了哪些包,则使用:
# yum history info 5 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Transaction ID : 5 Begin time : Sat Feb 15 23:00:14 2020 Begin rpmdb : 1459:fe9d7def2a5edd098cfe39ebe0732b67038170b5 End time : 23:00:19 2020 (5 seconds) End rpmdb : 1461:ed3657ce694e0e90ea8bf62a092f06422c81ac28 User : root <root> Return-Code : Success Command Line : install gcc Transaction performed with: Installed rpm-4.11.3-35.el7.x86_64 @anaconda Installed yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch @anaconda Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-50.el7.noarch @anaconda Packages Altered: Dep-Install cpp-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base Install gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base history info
查看yumdb大小:
# yum history stats Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks File : //var/lib/yum/history/history-2020-02-16.sqlite Size : 23,552 Transactions: 0 history stats
-
本地安装/升级:想安装的包在yum repo中没有,可以下载一个rpm包安装。但为什么不用rpm呢,因为rpm不能解决依赖,而yum可以,所以即使是本地的rpm包,也可以使用yum安装,但是参数是rpm文件名。
localinstall/localupdate是为了兼容以前的版本,应该使用intall/update 参数是rpm文件名。
localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use install)
localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use update)
-
组安装/更新/卸载/查看
-
查看有哪些组可供安装:
# yum groups list Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Available Environment Groups: Minimal Install Compute Node Infrastructure Server File and Print Server Basic Web Server Virtualization Host Server with GUI GNOME Desktop KDE Plasma Workspaces Development and Creative Workstation Installed Groups: Development Tools Available Groups: Compatibility Libraries Console Internet Tools Graphical Administration Tools Legacy UNIX Compatibility Scientific Support Security Tools Smart Card Support System Administration Tools System Management Done
-
查看某个组里有哪些包:
# yum groups info Development\ Tools Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Group: Development Tools Group-Id: development Description: A basic development environment. Mandatory Packages: gcc =gcc-c++ gettext =libtool make Default Packages: byacc =gcc-gfortran swig =systemtap Optional Packages: ElectricFence ant babel bzr
Mandatory Packages:必须安装的包
Default Packages:默认安装的包
Optional Packages:可选安装的包
-
安装:
# yum groups install "Development Tools"
-
更新:
# yum groups update "Development Tools" Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Maybe run: yum groups mark install (see man yum) No packages in any requested group available to install or updates
-
删除:
# yum groups remove Development\ Tools
-
拿光盘作为repo
1,先挂载centos系统安装盘到/media目录。
2,创建文件local.repo
[base]
name=local repo centos
baseurl=file:///media/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
3,然后就可以正常使用yum命令了。
yum 常用的命令行选项
- 禁止进行gpg check:--nogpgcheck
- 自动回答yes:-y
- 不输出安装信息:-q
- 禁用指定的repo(可以使用glob匹配):--disablerepo=repoid(glob)
- 启用指定的repo(可以使用glob匹配):--enablerepo=repoid(glob)
- 禁用所有插件:--noplugins
yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量
-
$releasever:当前OS的发行版的主版本号。centos7的话,此变量的值就是7
-
$arch:架构。比如i386,i486等
-
$basearch:基础架构。如果是ix86架构的话,则此变量的值为i386
-
$YUM0-$YUM9:自定义变量
-
使用变量的例子:
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
自己创建yum repo:createrepo [options] <directory>
使用createrepo很简单,只需要指定rpm包所在的目录。
就会做成目录:repodata
# pwd
/tmp/repos
# createrepo ./
Spawning worker 0 with 19 pkgs
Workers Finished
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete
# ls -d repodata/
repodata/
repodata目录的文件构成:
# ll repodata/
total 52
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12690 Feb 16 11:24 7150dafd709770a783ea087b2ff869aaecfb007b0fcce6f544924c4c1e1e4405-primary.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4184 Feb 16 11:24 7f43292a24f471448badbf18db488dbe52efc22237170ad2f6fc7aa36ac45a0e-primary.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2686 Feb 16 11:24 8351058925b5438dbe9abd2c246c64f3eafcc741f644ef268ac8747a82bc48ab-filelists.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2655 Feb 16 11:24 a5b6ce405bfa9814e77ab3159b77aa4a2c55ac445a5244ff449b1125badc2a9b-other.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5918 Feb 16 11:24 c58fa90f9a3825f07092ff63f524a86183a0e9f99e19d3a84b785cef2edf93f8-other.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5423 Feb 16 11:24 fa9fbb57fe96cf749733a6232b4860f70c7abd60b7b0c72f9486771f63f9a4ec-filelists.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2976 Feb 16 11:24 repomd.xml
创建repo配置文件:
[local2]
name=your repo centos
baseurl=file:///tmp/repos
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
验证:repoid:local2已经可以使用了
# yum repolist local2
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
local2 your repo centos 19
repolist: 19
cento下的开发包组:
- Development Tools:要想自己编译源码,必须安装此包组。
- Server Platform Development
- Desktop Platform Development(图形界面的)
编译源码安装:
1,configure脚本使用和作用
作用:指定安装到哪,启用哪些特性
使用:每个源代码的configure的用法可能都不一样,所有使用前,用:configure --help
查看都支持哪些选项。
选项分类:
-
安装路径设定:
--prefix=/path/to/somewhere:指定安装路径(方便以后卸载,直接把目录删除)。不指定可能安装到了/usr/local
--sysconfdir=/path/to/somewhere:指定配置文件放到哪里
-
交叉编译设定:
--build=BUILD configure for building on BUILD [guessed]
--host=HOST:编译后运行的目标架构。cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST [BUILD]
--target=TARGET configure for building compilers for TARGET [HOST]
-
安装特性设定:
--disable-FEATURE
--enable-FEATURE[=ARG]
-
设定安装时依赖哪些包,不依赖哪些包
--with-PACKAGE[=ARG]:ARG为路径信息等。
--without-PACKAGE
源码安装结束后的配置
1,把可执行程序目录添加到PATH环境变量
新建文件:/etc/profile.d/NAME.sh
添加 export PATH=/PATH/TO/BIN:$PATH
2,添加库文件路径
新建文件:/etc/ld.so.conf.d/name.conf
添加:/PATH/TO/lib
3,让系统找到头文件
创建头文件的符号链接:`ln -s /PATH/TO/include /usr/include/
4,导出帮助手册
编辑/etc/man_db.conf,添加:
#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
#
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /PATH/TO/man
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