1、下载Rhino安装包,下载地址:官网http://www.mozilla.org/rhino。
2、rhino环境配置,把解压出来的js.jar文件加入到系统的环境变量classpath
3、在命令提示符窗口下,调用javascript引擎,如:java org.mozilla.javascript.tools.shell.Main,即可进入js shell.
4、将javascript代码文件加载到引擎的内存缓冲区中,如:
load("C:/ws/job/vqq1.0/WebRoot/js/mergeJsFile.js");
5、执行合并操作,会一些相关js文件合并到一个js文件中,以减少浏览器对服务器端发出的http请求,提高性能问题。
如:runMerge(parameter1,parameter2, .., ...)
6、为了加快js文件运行的速度,可以把它编译为class文件,
compile:
java org.mozilla.javascript.tools.jsc.Main C:/ws/job/vqq1.0/WebRoot/js/mergeJsFile.js
编译产生mergeJsFile.class文件,然后直接执行class文件,java mergeJsFile.
Rhino的特点如下:
JavaScript 1.5的全部特性
◆ 允许使用脚本直接操作Java
◆ 提供JavaScript Shell执行其它JavaScript脚本
◆ 提供JavaScript编译器将JavaScript源程序转换成Java类文件
Rhino语言特点
Java是一种面对对象的编译型语言。它首先将源代码编译成二进制字节码(bytecode),然后依赖各种不同平台上的虚拟机来解释执行字节码,从而实现了“一次编译、到处执行”的跨平台特性。
JavaScript是一种动态、弱类型、基于原型的客户端脚本语言。JavaScript 包括一个基于对象的 API,称为文档对象模型(Document Object Model)或 DOM,用以访问和操作 Web 页面的内容,给HTML网页添加动态功能。
Rhino是一个介于Java与JavaScript之间的语言。它的基础是 Java 语言,这使得它简单易学,但相比于JavaScript脚本语言来说,它又太过复杂。不过,Rhino 的主要缺点也正是它的强大之处,Rhino 是一种轻量级的、功能强大的脚本语言。Rhino 使用原型而不是类,这使它比很多脚本语言更适合开发 GUI 应用程序,在考虑性能和风格等因素时更是如此。
Rhino语言特点的优缺点
一方面,作为一种动态类型的、基于原型的脚本语言,Rhino借用了很多JavaScript语法。比如,Rhino不再使用语句结束符( ; ),放宽了变量声明规则,并且极大地简化了修改和检索对象属性的语法。另一方面,作为JavaScript 的Java实现,Rhino语法非常类似于Java编程语言。比如,Rhino采用了与 Java 编程语言相似的循环和条件结构,并且遵循类似的语法模式来表示这些结构。
Rhino 和 Java 语言之间有一些显著的区别。Rhino 是一种基于原型的(prototype-based)语言,而不是一种基于类的(class-based)语言。Rhino中,函数和变量的声明中看不到 类型,取而代之的是,使用 function关键字声明函数,使用 var关键字声明局部变量。
Rhino的原始想法是将JavaScript 编译成Java字节码执行,即采用编译执行的方式。由于JVM存在垃圾收集、编译和装载过程的开销过大等限制,Rhino采用了解释执行的方式。
Rhino支持的脚本语言
在可以找到官方的脚本引擎的实现项目。这一项目基于BSD License ,表示这些脚本引擎的使用将十分自由。目前该项目已对包括 Groovy, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP 在内的二十多种脚本语言提供了支持。这一支持列表还将不断扩大。
在 Mustang 中对脚本引擎的检索使用了工厂模式。首先需要实例化一个工厂 —— ScriptEngineManager。
// create a script engine manager
ScriptEngineManager factory = new ScriptEngineManager();
ScriptEngineManager 将在 Thread Context ClassLoader 的 Classpath 中根据 jar 文件的 META-INF 来查找可用的脚本引擎。它提供了 3 种方法来检索脚本引擎:
// create engine by name
ScriptEngine engine = factory.getEngineByName ("JavaScript");
ScriptEngine engine = factory.getEngineByExtension ("js");
// create engine by name
ScriptEngine engine = factory.getEngineByMimeType ("application/javascript");
下面的代码将会打印出当前的 JDK 所支持的所有脚本引擎
ScriptEngineManager factory = new ScriptEngineManager();for (ScriptEngineFactory available : factory.getEngineFactories()) {
System.out.println(available.getEngineName());
}
JavaScript操纵Java对象
1. Rhino如何访问Java包与类文件
Java语法规定,任何代码都必须以class文件的形式存在,而每个class文件必须属于一个package,默认为default。而JavaScript并没有类似package的层级结构概念,那么如何使用Rhino访问Java包呢?
Rhino定义了一个top-level变量Packages。变量Packages对应的所有属性均对应Java包名。比如,我们需要访问某一个Java的Package com.example,输入如下:
js> Packages.com.example
刚才演示了如何通过js shell访问Java包,访问Java类的方式类似。假如我们需要访问标准的Java 文件类java.io.File,如下。
js> java.io.File
或者,为避免输入全名,我们先导入包,然后输入Class类名,如下:
js> importPackage(java.io)
js>File
这里的importPackage(java.io),在效果上等价于Java声明import java.io.*; 不同的是,Java会隐式import java.lang.*,而Rhino不会。因为Rhino定义的对象Boolean, Math, Number, Object, String等与Java语法完全不同,两者无法等价。
2. Rhino如何与Java对象交互
与Java类似,Rhino使用new操作符创建对象。
js> new java.util.Date()
Thu May 06 16:19:04 CST 2011
可以使用JavaScript变量存储Java对象,并调用其方法,如下:
js> f = new java.io.File("sample.txt")
sample.txt
js> f.isDirectory()
false
对于static方法与变量,调用如下:
js> java.lang.Math.PI
3.141592653589793
js> java.lang.Math.cos(0)
1
在JavaScript中,方法本身就是对象,这一点与Java不同。我们可以通过下列方式查看方法的重载:
js> f.listFiles
function listFiles() {/*
java.io.File[] listFiles()
java.io.File[] listFiles(java.io.FilenameFilter)
java.io.File[] listFiles(java.io.FileFilter)
*/}
输出中列出三个重载方法。第一个为无参函数,第二与第三个对应的参数分别为FilenameFilter与FileFilter。
另一个比较有意思的特点是通过构造for..in,查看对象对应的所有方法与变量。如下:
js> for (i in f) { print(i) }
屏幕输出为:
exists
parentFile
mkdir
toString
wait
[44 others]
这里列出的方法一部分来自于父类,比如wait来自父类java.lang.Object。
对于JavaBean,Rhino也提供按名字访问的简单方式。比如,通过下面这种方式,我们就可以调用File对象的getName与isDirectory方法:
js> f.name
test.txt
js> f.directory
false
3. Rhino如何实现Java接口
JavaScript当中,方法本身就是对象。下面我们通过JavaScript语法{propertyName: value}声明一个JavaScript方法,并调用该方法如下:
js> obj = { run: function () { print("\nrunning"); } }
[object Object]
js> obj.run()
running
现在我们构造一个JavaScript对象,实现Runnable接口。并将该对象作为参数,构造一个新的线程,并启动该线程。
js> r = new java.lang.Runnable(obj);
adapter1@291aff
js> t = new java.lang.Thread(r)
Thread[Thread-0,5,main]
js> t.start()
js>
running
最后的js>提示符与新线程的打印输出running的先后顺序是随机的,取决于线程的调度策略。
从后端的处理流程来讲,Rhino首先为Runnable接口的实现类生成Java字节码文件。然后调用JavaScript对象定义的Run方法。
4. Rhino如何创建Java 数组
Rhino使用Java的发射机制生成数组。下面是生成2个String对象的代码:
js> array = java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(java.lang.String, 2);
[Ljava.lang.String;@a20892
js> array[0] = "Double"
Double
js> array[1] = "Life"
Life
js> array[0] + array[1]
DoubleLife
js>
5. Rhino如何捕获与处理异常
与Java类似,Rhino使用try...catch关键字处理异常。
js> function classForName(name) {
try {
return java.lang.Class.forName(name);
} catch (e if e.javaException instanceof java.lang.ClassNotFoundException) {
print("Class " + name + " not found");
} catch (e if e.javaException instanceof java.lang.NullPointerException) {
print("Class name is null");
}
}
js> classForName("NonExistingClass");
Class NonExistingClass not found
js> classForName(null);
Class name is null
6. Rhino如何调用js文件
当然,除了在命令行的方式,我们还可以使用操纵JavaScript文件。下面是一段JavaScript代码,主要目的是判断该数是否为质数。代码如下:
function isPrime (num)
{
if (num <= 1) {
print("Enter an integer no less than 2.")
return false
}
var prime = true
var sqrRoot = Math.round(Math.sqrt(num))
for (var n = 2; prime & n <= sqrRoot; ++n) {
prime = (num % n != 0)
}
return prime
}
我们保存文件为C:\isPrime.js。然后我们需要调用load方法加载该脚本。最后,我们可以调用isPrime方法来判断是否为质数。
js> load("C:/isPrime.js")
js> isPrime(33);
false
js> isPrime(31)
true
需要注意的是,注意:文件分隔符需要调整,是“/”而不是“\”。
刚才使用JavaScript操纵Java对象。接下来我们看看如何使用Java程序访问JavaScript
Java对象操纵JavaScript
下面是一段Java代码,用来运行数学表达式。代码如下:
package com.example;
import sun.org.mozilla.javascript.internal.Context;
import sun.org.mozilla.javascript.internal.Scriptable;
publicclass Test {
publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) {
Context cx = Context.enter();
try {
Scriptable scope = cx.initStandardObjects();
String str = "3/(1+2)";
Object result = cx.evaluateString(scope, str, null, 1, null);
System.out.println(str + "=" + Context.toNumber(result));
} finally {
Context.exit();
}
}
}
运行Java com.example.Test,输出结果如下:
3/(1+2)=1.0
之所以是1.0而不是1,是因为Context.toNumber(result)返回的类型为double。
另一个值得注意的是,这里import的package属于JDK 6.0。
因此,在不需要Rhino提供的js.jar,该程序仍能独立运行。因为rhino已经是jdk 6.0 的正规军了,即是它的一部分。
A Java program for running JavaScript scripts
import javax.script.*; import java.io.*; // Evaluate a file of JavaScript and print its result public class RunScript { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { // Obtain an interpreter or "ScriptEngine" to run the script. ScriptEngineManager scriptManager = new ScriptEngineManager( ); ScriptEngine js = scriptManager.getEngineByExtension("js"); // The script file we are going to run String filename = null; // A Bindings object is a symbol table for or namespace for the // script engine. It associates names and values and makes // them available to the script. Bindings bindings = js.createBindings( ); // Process the arguments. They may include any number of // -Dname=value arguments, which define variables for the script. // Any argument that does not begin with -D is taken as a filename for(int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) { String arg = args[i]; if (arg.startsWith("-D")) { int pos = arg.indexOf('='); if (pos == -1) usage( ); String name = arg.substring(2, pos); String value = arg.substring(pos+1); // Note that all the variables we define are strings. // Scripts can convert them to other types if necessary. // We could also pass a java.lang.Number, a java.lang.Boolean // or any Java object or null. bindings.put(name, value); } else { if (filename != null) usage( ); // only one file please filename = arg; } } // Make sure we got a file out of the arguments. if (filename == null) usage( ); // Add one more binding using a special reserved variable name // to tell the script engine the name of the file it will be executing. // This allows it to provide better error messages. bindings.put(ScriptEngine.FILENAME, filename); // Get a stream to read the script. Reader in = new FileReader(filename); try { // Evaluate the script using the bindings and get its result. Object result = js.eval(in, bindings); // Display the result. System.out.println(result); } catch(ScriptException ex) { // Or display an error message. System.out.println(ex); } } static void usage( ) { System.err.println( "Usage: java RunScript [-Dname=value...] script.js"); System.exit(1); } }
A Java configuration file utility that interprets JavaScript expressions
import javax.script.*; import java.util.*; import java.io.*; /** * This class is like java.util.Properties but allows property values to * be determined by evaluating JavaScript expressions. */ public class Configuration { // Here is where we store name/value pairs of defaults. Map<String,Object> defaults = new HashMap<String,Object>( ); // Accessors for getting and setting values in the map public Object get(String key) { return defaults.get(key); } public void put(String key, Object value) { defaults.put(key, value); } // Initialize the contents of the Map from a file of name/value pairs. // If a value is enclosed in curly braces, evaluate it as JavaScript. public void load(String filename) throws IOException, ScriptException { // Get a JavaScript interpreter. ScriptEngineManager manager = new ScriptEngineManager( ); ScriptEngine engine = manager.getEngineByExtension("js"); // Use our own name/value pairs as JavaScript variables. Bindings bindings = new SimpleBindings(defaults); // Create a context for evaluating scripts. ScriptContext context = new SimpleScriptContext( ); // Set those Bindings in the Context so that they are readable // by the scripts but so that variables defined by the scripts do // not get placed into our Map object. context.setBindings(bindings, ScriptContext.GLOBAL_SCOPE); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); String line; while((line = in.readLine( )) != null) { line = line.trim( ); // strip leading and trailing space if (line.length( ) == 0) continue; // skip blank lines if (line.charAt(0) == '#') continue; // skip comments int pos = line.indexOf(":"); if (pos == -1) throw new IllegalArgumentException("syntax: " + line); String name = line.substring(0, pos).trim( ); String value = line.substring(pos+1).trim( ); char firstchar = value.charAt(0); int len = value.length( ); char lastchar = value.charAt(len-1); if (firstchar == '"' && lastchar == '"') { // Double-quoted quoted values are strings defaults.put(name, value.substring(1, len-1)); } else if (Character.isDigit(firstchar)) { // If it begins with a number, try to parse a number try { double d = Double.parseDouble(value); defaults.put(name, d); } catch(NumberFormatException e) { // Oops. Not a number. Store as a string defaults.put(name, value); } } else if (value.equals("true")) // handle boolean values defaults.put(name, Boolean.TRUE); else if (value.equals("false")) defaults.put(name, Boolean.FALSE); else if (value.equals("null")) defaults.put(name, null); else if (firstchar == '{' && lastchar == '}') { // If the value is in curly braces, evaluate as JavaScript code String script = value.substring(1, len-1); Object result = engine.eval(script, context); defaults.put(name, result); } else { // In the default case, just store the value as a string. defaults.put(name, value); } } } // A simple test program for the class public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ScriptException { Configuration defaults = new Configuration( ); defaults.load(args[0]); Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>> entryset = defaults.defaults.entrySet( ); for(Map.Entry<String,Object> entry : entryset) { System.out.printf("%s: %s%n", entry.getKey( ), entry.getValue( )); } } }
Compiling Scripts
// This is the text of the script we want to compile. String scripttext = "x * x"; // Get the script engine. ScriptEngineManager scriptManager = new ScriptEngineManager( ); ScriptEngine js = scriptManager.getEngineByExtension("js"); // Cast it to the Compilable interface to get compilation functionality. Compilable compiler = (Compilable)js; // Compile the script to a form that we can execute repeatedly. CompiledScript script = compiler.compile(scripttext); // Now execute the script five times, using a different value for the // variable x each time. Bindings bindings = js.createBindings( ); for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { bindings.put("x", i); Object result = script.eval(bindings); System.out.printf("f(%d) = %s%n", i, result); }
Invoking JavaScript Functions
// Obtain an interpreter or "ScriptEngine" to run the script ScriptEngineManager scriptManager = new ScriptEngineManager( ); ScriptEngine js = scriptManager.getEngineByExtension("js"); // Evaluate the script. We discard the result since we only // care about the function definition. js.eval("function f(x) { return x*x; }"); // Now, invoke a function defined by the script. try { // Cast the ScriptEngine to the Invokable interface to // access its invocation functionality. Invocable invocable = (Invocable) js; for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { Object result = invocable.invoke("f", i); // Compute f(i) System.out.printf("f(%d) = %s%n", i, result); // Print result } } catch(NoSuchMethodException e) { // This happens if the script did not define a function named "f". System.out.println(e); }
Implementing a Java interface with JavaScript code
import javax.script.*; import java.io.*; import java.awt.event.*; import javax.swing.*; public class Keys { public static void main(String[] args) throws ScriptException, IOException { // Obtain an interpreter or "ScriptEngine" to run the script. ScriptEngineManager scriptManager = new ScriptEngineManager( ); ScriptEngine js = scriptManager.getEngineByExtension("js"); // Evaluate the script. We discard the result since we only // care about the function definitions in it. js.eval(new FileReader("listener.js")); // Cast to Invocable and get an object that implements KeyListener. Invocable invocable = (Invocable) js; KeyListener listener = invocable.getInterface(KeyListener.class); // Now use that KeyListener in a very simple GUI. JFrame frame = new JFrame("Keys Demo"); frame.addKeyListener(listener); frame.setSize(200, 200); frame.setVisible(true); } }
Implementing an interface in JavaScript simply means defining a function with the same name as each method defined by the interface. Here, for example, is a simple script that implements KeyListener:
function keyPressed(e) {
print("key pressed: " + String.fromCharCode(e.getKeyChar( )));
}
function keyReleased(e) {
/* do nothing */
}
function keyTyped(e) {
/* do nothing */
}
Note that the JavaScript keyPressed( ) method defined here accepts ajava.awt.event.KeyEvent object as its argument and actually invokes a method on that Java object. The next section explains how this is done.