设计模式之观察者(OBSERVER)模式

定义

　　定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系，当一个对象的状态发生改变时，所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。

　 Observer模式描述了如何建立这种关系。这一模式中的关键对象是目标（subject）和观察者（observer）。一个目标可以有任意数目的依赖它的观察者。一旦目标的状态发生改变，所有的观察者都得到通知。这种交互也称为发布-订阅（publish-subscribe）。目标是通知的发布者。故观察者模式又名依赖（Dependents），发布-订阅（Publish-Subscribe）。

适用场景

以下任何一种情况可以使用观察者模式：

当一个抽象模型有两个方面，其中一个方面依赖于另一个方面。将这两者封装在独立的对象中以使它们可以各自独立地改变和复用。
当对一个对象的改变需要同时改变其它对象，而不知道具体有多少对象有待改变。
当一个对象必须通知其它对象，而它又不能假定其它对象是谁。换言之，你不希望这些对象是紧密耦合的。

代码示例

　　观察者模式，首先需要定义观察者基类（接口）Observer和目标基类（接口）Subject，观察者基类需要对外提供一个接口函数Update，Update是一个纯虚函数，方便多态的实现，供目标通知观察者更新。

class Subject;

class Observer{
    public:
        virtual ~Observer();
        virtual void Update(Subject* theChangedSubject) = 0;
    protected:
        Observer();
};

　　目标基类需要提供支持观察者订阅函数Attach；观察者取消订阅函数Detach；对已订阅的所有观察者进行广播的函数Notify，在目标变化后，该函数遍历通知所有已订阅的观察者；以及用于存储已订阅该目标的所有观察者的列表结构List。

class Subject{
    public:
        virtual ~Subject();

        virtual void Attach(Observer *);
        virtual void Detach(Observer *);
        virtual void Notify();
    protected:
        Subject();
    private:
        List<Observer *> *_observers;
};

void Subject::Attach(Observer* o){
    _observers->Append(o);
}

void Subject::Detach(Observer *o){
    _observers->Remove(o);
}

void Subject::Notify(){
    ListIterator<Observer*> i(_observers);
    for(i.First(); !i.IsDone(); i.Next()){
        i.CurrentItem->Update(this);
    }
}

　　基于目标接口类Subject和观察者接口类Observer，下面是GOF写的设计模式一书中的观察者模式应用——一个简单的时钟，每当定时器滴答一下，定时器（目标）就会通知时钟（观察者）绘制界面更新显示。

　　ClockTimer是基于目标接口类实现的目标实例，GetHour、GetMinute、GetSecond分别用于获取时、分、秒，Tick函数为计时器实现函数，每过一个滴答时刻，该函数就会调用目标基类的Notify函数通知所有已订阅观察者对象。

class ClockTimer::public Subject{
public:
    ClockTimer();

    virtual int GetHour();
    virtual int GetMinute();
    virtual int GetSecond();

    void Tick();
};

void ClockTimer::Tick(){
    //update internal time-keeping state
    //...
    Notify();
}

　　DigitalClock继承Widget和Observer，实现观察者实例。构造函数中初始化目标实现类ClockTimer，并订阅当前观察者对象；析构函数中取消订阅当前观察者对象；Update函数是观察者基类纯虚函数的真正实现，当目标ClockTimer更新，调用Notify时，会调用到当前对象Update函数，在Update函数中再调用Draw更新时钟界面显示。

class DigitalClock::public Widget,public Observer{
public:
    DigitalClock(ClockTimer *);
    virtual ~DigitalClock();

    virtual void Update(Subject *);
    //overrides Observer operation

    virtual void Draw();
    //overrides Widget operation;
    //defines how to draw the digital clock
private:
    ClockTimer* _subject;
};

DigitalClock::DigitalClock(ClockTimer *s){
    _subject = s;
    _subject->Attach(this);
}

DigitalClock::~DigitalClock(){
    _subject->Detach(this);
}

void DigitalClock::Update(Subject * theChangedSubject){
    if(theChangedSubject == _subject){
        Draw();
    }
}

void DigitalClock::Draw(){
    //get the new values from the subject

    int hour = _subject->GetHour();
    int minute = _subject->GetMinute();
    //etc.

    //draw the digital clock
}

　　有了上述观察者和目标的实现类后，就能实现基于观察者设计模式的数字时钟实现，code为：

ClockTimer *timer = new ClockTimer;//新建目标对象
DigitalClock *digitalClock = new DigitalClock(timer);//新建观察者对象并订阅ClockTimer目标对象

　　上例是目标-观察者一一对应的示例，比如实现多个相同时间的数字时钟，这时会用到单目标-多观察者模型：

ClockTimer *timer = new ClockTimer;
DigitalClock *digitalClock1 = new DigitalClock(timer);//Observer 1
DigitalClock *digitalClock2 = new DigitalClock(timer);//Observer 2
.
.
.
DigitalClock *digitalClockn = new DigitalClock(timer);//Observer n

　当要实现监听多个端口的TCP连接的程序，这时会用到多目标-单观察者模型，需要在上ClockTimer和DigitalClock的基础上稍作修改，将观察者类中的目标用二维指针来存储目标对象，目标类、观察者类以及应用代码如下：

　目标类：

class ClientTCPConnect::public Subject{
public:
    TcpConnect();

    virtual void OnReceivedData();//Received Data

    virtual void GetData();
};

void ClientTCPConnect::OnReceivedData(){
    //...
    Notify();
}

void ClientTCPConnect::GetData(){
    //Get TCP Data
}

　　观察者类：

　　 ServerTCPConnect构造函数中传入目标者类的指针和大小，并订阅所有目标者类。

class ServerTCPConnect::public Observer{
public:
    ServerTCPConnect(ClientTCPConnect **, int size);

    virtual ~ServerTCPConnect();

    virtual void Update(Subject *);
    //overrides Observer operation

    virtual void DealClientConnect(Subject *);

private:
    ClientTCPConnect **_sbuject;
    int _size;

};

ServerTCPConnect::ServerTCPConnect(ClientTCPConnect**s, int size){
    _subject = s;
    for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++){
        _subject[i]->Attach(this);
    }
}

ServerTCPConnect::~ServerTCPConnect(){
    for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++){
        _subject[i]->Detach(this);
    }
}

void ServerTCPConnect::Update(Subject * theChangedSubject){
    for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++){
        if(theChangedSubject == _subject[i]){
            DealClientConnect(_subject[i]);
        }
    }
}

void ServerTCPConnect::DealClientConnect(Subject *s){
    ClientTCPConnect *tcp = (ClientTCPConnect *)s;
    tcp->GetData();//deal with TCP Data
}

　　应用：

int n=10;
ClientTCPConnect **ClientConnect = new ClientTCPConnect*[n];
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
    ClientConnect[i] = new ClientTCPConnect;
}
ServerTCPConnect *serverConnect = new ServerTCPConnect(ClientConnect, n);

　　再复杂的就是多目标-多观察者模型，可由上多目标-单观察者和单目标-多观察者模型组合而成。

int n = 10;
ClientTCPConnect **ClientConnect = new ClientTCPConnect*[n];
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
    ClientConnect[i] = new ClientTCPConnect;
}
int m = 20;
ServerTCPConnect **ServerConnect = new ServerTCPConnect*[m];
for(int j = 0; i < m; j++){
    ServerConnect[i] = new ServerTCPConnect(ClientConnect, n);
}

　上面基本上都是相同的观察者和目标类，那么目标和观察者为不同的类时，该如何组合成多目标——多观察者的实例呢？

　目标类ClientTCPConnect，ClientTCPConnect1，、、、，ClientTCPConnect_n的实现：

class ClientTCPConnect::public Subject{
public:
    ClientTCPConnect();

    virtual void OnReceivedData();//Received Data

    virtual void GetData();
};

void ClientTCPConnect::OnReceivedData(){
    //...
    Notify();
}

void ClientTCPConnect::GetData(){
    //Get TCP Data
}
.
.
.
class ClientTCPConnect_n::public Subject{
public:
    ClientTCPConnect_n();

    virtual void OnReceivedData_n();//Received Data

    virtual void GetData_n();
};

void ClientTCPConnect_n::OnReceivedData_n(){
    //...
    Notify();
}

void ClientTCPConnect_n::GetData_n(){
    //Get TCP Data
}

　　观察者类ServerTCPConnect，ServerTCPConnect1，、、、，ServerTCPConnect_m的实现：

class ServerTCPConnect::public Observer{
public:
    ServerTCPConnect(Subject **, int size);

    virtual ~ServerTCPConnect();

    virtual void Update(Subject *);
    //overrides Observer operation

    virtual void DealClientConnect(Subject *);

private:
    Subject **_subject;
    ClientTCPConnect_k *_subject_k;
    .
    .
    .
    ClientTCPConnect_l *_subject_l;
    int _size;

};
ServerTCPConnect::ServerTCPConnect(Subject **s, int size){
    _subject = s;
    _subject_k = (ClientTCPConnect_k*)_subject[k];
    _subject_k->Attach(this);
    .
    .
    .
    _subject_l = (ClientTCPConnect_l*)_subject[l];
    _subject_l->Attach(this);
}

ServerTCPConnect::~ServerTCPConnect(){
    _subject_k->Detach(this);
    .
    .
    .
    _subject_l->Detach(this);    
}

void ServerTCPConnect::Update(Subject * theChangedSubject){
    for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++){
        if(theChangedSubject == _subject[i]){
            DealClientConnect(_subject[i]);
        }
    }
}

void ServerTCPConnect::DealClientConnect(Subject *s){
    if(ClientTCPConnect *tcp = dynamic_cast<ClientTCPConnect*>(s)){
        tcp->GetData();//deal with TCP Data
        ...
    }
    .
    .
    .
    else if(ClientTCPConnect_n *tcp = dynamic_cast<ClientTCPConnect_n*>(s)){
        tcp->GetData_n();//deal with TCP Data
        ...
    }
}
.
.
.
class ServerTCPConnect_m::public Observer{
public:
    ServerTCPConnect_m(Subject **, int size);

    virtual ~ServerTCPConnect_m();

    virtual void Update(Subject *);
    //overrides Observer operation

    virtual void DealClientConnect_m(Subject *);

private:
    Subject **_subject;
    ClientTCPConnect_k *_subject_k;
    .
    .
    .
    ClientTCPConnect_l *_subject_l;
    int _size;
};

ServerTCPConnect_m::ServerTCPConnect_m(Subject **s, int size){
    _subject = s;
    _subject_k = (ClientTCPConnect_k*)_subject[k];
    _subject_k->Attach(this);
    .
    .
    .
    _subject_l = (ClientTCPConnect_l*)_subject[l];
    _subject_l->Attach(this);
}

ServerTCPConnect_m::~ServerTCPConnect_m(){
    _subject_k->Detach(this);
    .
    .
    .
    _subject_l->Detach(this);    
}

void ServerTCPConnect_m::Update(Subject * theChangedSubject){
    for(int i = 0; i < _size; i++){
        if(theChangedSubject == _subject[i]){
            DealClientConnect_m(_subject[i]);
        }
    }
}

void ServerTCPConnect_m::DealClientConnect_m(Subject *s){
    if(ClientTCPConnect *tcp = dynamic_cast<ClientTCPConnect*>(s)){
        tcp->GetData();//deal with TCP Data
        ...
    }
    .
    .
    .
    else if(ClientTCPConnect_n *tcp = dynamic_cast<ClientTCPConnect_n*>(s)){
        tcp->GetData_n();//deal with TCP Data
        ...
    }
}