T-SQL查询语句的执行步骤
T-SQL是需要优化的。而优化的前提是你对它的执行步骤有清楚的认识。我经常去给讲课或者咨询辅导的时候,就发现很多朋友对此了解甚少。下面截取了我的一个PPT,给大家参考一下
下面这个脚本可以解释这个过程
/*
这个脚本用来帮助用户理解T-SQL查询的逻辑顺序和原理。
作者:陈希章
*/
/*
准备数据架构和数据
*/
SET NOCOUNT ON;
USE tempdb;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('dbo.Orders') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE dbo.Orders;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID('dbo.Customers') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE dbo.Customers;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.Customers
(
customerid CHAR(5) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
city VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL
);
INSERT INTO dbo.Customers(customerid, city) VALUES('FISSA', 'Madrid');
INSERT INTO dbo.Customers(customerid, city) VALUES('FRNDO', 'Madrid');
INSERT INTO dbo.Customers(customerid, city) VALUES('KRLOS', 'Madrid');
INSERT INTO dbo.Customers(customerid, city) VALUES('MRPHS', 'Zion');
CREATE TABLE dbo.Orders
(
orderid INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
customerid CHAR(5) NULL REFERENCES Customers(customerid)
);
INSERT INTO dbo.Orders(orderid, customerid) VALUES(1, 'FRNDO');
INSERT INTO dbo.Orders(orderid, customerid) VALUES(2, 'FRNDO');
INSERT INTO dbo.Orders(orderid, customerid) VALUES(3, 'KRLOS');
INSERT INTO dbo.Orders(orderid, customerid) VALUES(4, 'KRLOS');
INSERT INTO dbo.Orders(orderid, customerid) VALUES(5, 'KRLOS');
INSERT INTO dbo.Orders(orderid, customerid) VALUES(6, 'MRPHS');
INSERT INTO dbo.Orders(orderid, customerid) VALUES(7, NULL);
/*
一个测试查询,检索那些订单个数小于3的客户,并且按订单总数排序(升序)
*/
SELECT C.customerid, COUNT(O.orderid) AS numorders
FROM dbo.Customers AS C
LEFT OUTER JOIN dbo.Orders AS O
ON C.customerid = O.customerid
WHERE C.city = 'Madrid'
GROUP BY C.customerid
HAVING COUNT(O.orderid) < 3
ORDER BY numorders;
/*第一步:处理FROM子句,把来源的表进行CROSS JOIN(笛卡尔乘积)
我这里把结果做一个生成表查询,写到一个临时表(VT1)中去
*/
SELECT C.customerid as Customer,c.city,o.* INTO #VT1 FROM dbo.Customers C,dbo.Orders O
SELECT * FROM #VT1
--返回28行数据(4*7)
--第二步:处理ON子句,只把那些两个表的customerid匹配的行找出来,我把它们放到VT2中去
SELECT temp.* INTO #VT2 FROM (SELECT * FROM #VT1 WHERE Customer=customerid) temp
SELECT * FROM #VT2
--返回6行数据
--第三步:根据JOIN语句的类型,决定是否要添加行到VT2中去,例如如果是LEFT JOIN的话,那么就要检查坐边的表(我们这里是customers表)的连接键值是否都存在,如果不存在就要去添加到VT2中
SELECT temp.* INTO #VT3 FROM
(SELECT * FROM #VT2
UNION ALL
SELECT CustomerID,City,NULL,NULL FROM dbo.Customers c WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT DISTINCT Customer FROM #VT2 WHERE Customer=c.CustomerID)) temp
SELECT * FROM #VT3
--返回7行数据,其中有一个客户,因为没有订单,这一步中被添加进来。它的Orders的记录被标记为NULL
--第四步:处理WHERE 子句,对VT3的结果集进行过滤,我们的条件是city=Madid
SELECT temp.* INTO #VT4 FROM
(SELECT * FROM #VT3 WHERE city='Madrid') temp
SELECT * FROM #VT4
--返回6行数据,因为有一个客户不是这个城市的
--第五步:处理GROUP子句,进行分类汇总
SELECT temp.* INTO #VT5 FROM
(SELECT Customer,COUNT(OrderID) as orderidcount,COUNT(city) as citycount,Count(customerid) as customeridcount FROM #VT4 GROUP BY Customer) temp
SELECT * FROM #VT5
--返回3行数据,根据客户分组,统计了订单的个数
--这里会不会去统计其他列的汇总呢
--因为没有WITH Rollup和WITH Cube语句,所以跳过第六步,进入HAVING子句的处理
--第六步:处理HAVING子句,对GROUP之后的结果进行筛选,我们这里的条件是orderidcount<3
SELECT temp.* INTO #VT6 FROM
(SELECT * FROM #VT5 WHERE orderidcount<3) temp
SELECT * FROM #VT6
--返回2行数据
--第七步:使用SELECT 的字段列表过滤结果集
SELECT #VT6.Customer,#VT6.orderidcount as numorders INTO #VT7 FROM #VT6
SELECT * FROM #VT7
--还是2行数据,只不过只有两个列了
--第八步:跳过DISTINCT,进行OrderBy操作
SELECT #VT7.* INTO #VT8 FROM #VT7 Order By #VT7.Customer
SELECT * FROM #VT8
--返回2行数据,经过排序
--这个查询结束演示。完整的8个步骤