Java反射与自定义注解

   反射,在Java常用框架中屡见不鲜。它存在于java.lang.reflact包中,就我的认识,它可以拿到类的字段和方法,及构造方法,还可以生成对象实例等。对深入的机制我暂时还不了解,本篇文章着重在使用方面,并附上一个本人应用到项目中的案例。

  • 基础姿势

    拿到类,反射是以类为基础的基础,首先拿到项目中的类,既可以这样拿

Class<?> clazz = Class.forName(类路径);

    也可以这样拿

Class<?> clazz = 类名.getClass();

    在一般意义的JavaBean中,存在构造函数、字段、一般函数三中不同元素,只要拿到了类,接着拿到它们就是水到渠成

Constructor constructors = clazz.getConstructor(null);//拿到构造函数
Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();//拿到它定义的所有字段
Method[] methods = clazz.getDeclaredMethods();//拿到它定义的所有方法

    注意,拿到无参的构造函数传入的是null,拿到有参构造函数,则按照构造函数的参数位置传入对应的类型class就行,比如

Constructor constructors = clazz.getConstructor(String.class,Integer.class,Double.class);//拿到有参构造函数

    拿到他们有什么用?拿到构造函数还好可以新建对象,拿到字段呢?这时候就得配合自定义注解来使用了?

    定义一个自定义标签

import java.lang.annotation.*;

@Target(ElementType.FIELD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
//@Documented
public @interface AnnotationDemo {
    public String name();
    public String value();
}

    ElementType是作为标志存在的,而这个RetentionPolicy则是对功能上有影响的,它里面有三种策略。从源码上看它存在CLASS,RUNTIME,SOURCE三种方式。这个Documented是生成java文档时候是否带上的意思。

package java.lang.annotation;

/**
 * Annotation retention policy.  The constants of this enumerated type
 * describe the various policies for retaining annotations.  They are used
 * in conjunction with the {@link Retention} meta-annotation type to specify
 * how long annotations are to be retained.
 *
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 */
public enum RetentionPolicy {
    /**
     * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
     */
    SOURCE,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
     * but need not be retained by the VM at run time.  This is the default
     * behavior.
     */
    CLASS,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
     * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
     *
     * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
     */
    RUNTIME
}

    官方解释是,这个注解会留在编译器,class文件,和VM中,我理解为作用范围。一般使用RUNTIME。

    接着造一个bean。

public class DemoBean {
    public String pubField;
    protected String protectField;
    String defaultField;
    @AnnotationDemo(name="test",value="123")
    private String priField;

    public DemoBean(){
        this("pub","protect","default","pri");
    }
    public DemoBean(String pubField,String protectField,String defaultField,String priField){
        this.pubField = pubField;
        this.protectField = protectField;
        this.defaultField = defaultField;
        this.priField = priField;
    }
    public void function1(){
        System.out.println("public function");
    }
    protected void function2(){
        System.out.println("protect function");
    }
    void function3(){
        System.out.println("default function");
    }
    private void function4(){
        System.out.println("private function");
    }
}

    在拿到class之后,遍历它的field寻找注解,当然了,对method也可以这样。

            Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();//拿到它定义的所有字段
            for(Field field:fields){
                if(field.isAnnotationPresent(AnnotationDemo.class)){
                    System.out.println("有注解");
                }
                AnnotationDemo annotationDemo = field.getAnnotation(AnnotationDemo.class);
                if(annotationDemo != null){
                    System.out.println("注解 name:"+annotationDemo.name());
                    System.out.println("注解 value:"+annotationDemo.value());
                }
                System.out.println("属性:"+field.getName()+"   "+field.getModifiers());
            }

    

    这种方式是不是很眼熟啊?没错,Spring里面到处都是。

  • 实际应用

    在给字段和方法打上标签之后,繁琐的,重复性的行为都让框架为你处理,这种开发方式节省了很多代码,加强了阅读性,是非常提升效率的。

    反射有种方式是绕过编译器对字段封装性的限制的,也就是无论是public还是private的字段,在反射的程序中都是可以拿到并且改变它的值的。我们知道Spring框架对bean的注入,有好几种方式。最让人想的清楚的是构造方法注入和setter注入。而@autowired呢?即使不提供暴露接口一样可以设置,这就是利用了反射的方式。

    经过查阅资料,阅读源码,在Spring-bean中寻找到这两个类,因为设计图太过复杂,本人只能在细小之处分析了。

/**
     * Populate the bean instance in the given BeanWrapper with the property values
     * from the bean definition.
     * @param beanName the name of the bean
     * @param mbd the bean definition for the bean
     * @param bw BeanWrapper with bean instance
     */
    protected void populateBean(String beanName, RootBeanDefinition mbd, BeanWrapper bw) {
        PropertyValues pvs = mbd.getPropertyValues();

        if (bw == null) {
            if (!pvs.isEmpty()) {
                throw new BeanCreationException(
                        mbd.getResourceDescription(), beanName, "Cannot apply property values to null instance");
            }
            else {
                // Skip property population phase for null instance.
                return;
            }
        }

        // Give any InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors the opportunity to modify the
        // state of the bean before properties are set. This can be used, for example,
        // to support styles of field injection.
        boolean continueWithPropertyPopulation = true;

        if (!mbd.isSynthetic() && hasInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors()) {
            for (BeanPostProcessor bp : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
                if (bp instanceof InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) {
                    InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor ibp = (InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) bp;
                    if (!ibp.postProcessAfterInstantiation(bw.getWrappedInstance(), beanName)) {
                        continueWithPropertyPopulation = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (!continueWithPropertyPopulation) {
            return;
        }

        if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME ||
                mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE) {
            MutablePropertyValues newPvs = new MutablePropertyValues(pvs);

            // Add property values based on autowire by name if applicable.
            if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_NAME) {
                autowireByName(beanName, mbd, bw, newPvs);
            }

            // Add property values based on autowire by type if applicable.
            if (mbd.getResolvedAutowireMode() == RootBeanDefinition.AUTOWIRE_BY_TYPE) {
                autowireByType(beanName, mbd, bw, newPvs);
            }

            pvs = newPvs;
        }

        boolean hasInstAwareBpps = hasInstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessors();
        boolean needsDepCheck = (mbd.getDependencyCheck() != RootBeanDefinition.DEPENDENCY_CHECK_NONE);

        if (hasInstAwareBpps || needsDepCheck) {
            PropertyDescriptor[] filteredPds = filterPropertyDescriptorsForDependencyCheck(bw, mbd.allowCaching);
            if (hasInstAwareBpps) {
                for (BeanPostProcessor bp : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
                    if (bp instanceof InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) {
                        InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor ibp = (InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor) bp;
                        pvs = ibp.postProcessPropertyValues(pvs, filteredPds, bw.getWrappedInstance(), beanName);
                        if (pvs == null) {
                            return;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (needsDepCheck) {
                checkDependencies(beanName, mbd, filteredPds, pvs);
            }
        }

        applyPropertyValues(beanName, mbd, bw, pvs);
    }

    经过一系列前置验证(看得迷迷糊糊)然后进行bean注入,调用的是postProcessPropertyValues方法,点进去是个接口(多态性是挺坑的)。找了一下,最后找到AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor类,里面有个内部类AutowiredMethodElement,其中有个Inject方法是实施注入的。

    

    public static void makeAccessible(Field field) {
        if((!Modifier.isPublic(field.getModifiers()) || !Modifier.isPublic(field.getDeclaringClass().getModifiers()) || Modifier.isFinal(field.getModifiers())) && !field.isAccessible()) {
            field.setAccessible(true);
        }

    }
    @CallerSensitive
    public Object invoke(Object obj, Object... args)
        throws IllegalAccessException, IllegalArgumentException,
           InvocationTargetException
    {
        if (!override) {
            if (!Reflection.quickCheckMemberAccess(clazz, modifiers)) {
                Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
                checkAccess(caller, clazz, obj, modifiers);
            }
        }
        MethodAccessor ma = methodAccessor;             // read volatile
        if (ma == null) {
            ma = acquireMethodAccessor();
        }
        return ma.invoke(obj, args);
    }

    前一个是打开权限,后一个粗略看了下,就是注入了。

    大概的思路就是使用反射打开权限,然后从对象池中拿取对象并设置到该字段中。如果对象池没有,大概就是放个空进去了,最后调用的时候就是空指针了。

  • 实践案例

    未能吸取Spring优秀框架的思想,但是自己在项目中应用了一下这种技术。小型项目对建表的要求就是,新建一个bean自动生成一个表。是不是很像某ORM?是的,仅仅使用几百行代码就可以实现这个功能了,采用的就是以反射、Annotation为基础的技术。

package Common;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import Common.Annotation.ATable;
import Common.Annotation.AutoIncrement;
import Common.Annotation.Column;
import Common.Annotation.PrimaryKey;

/**
 * 初始化数据库 按照Model包下的类及字段创建
 * @author ctk
 *
 */


public class InitDataBases {
    
    private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(InitDataBases.class);
    private Connection conn = null;
    private Set<String> tables;
    
    //单例
    private static InitDataBases instance = new InitDataBases();
    private InitDataBases(){
        conn = getConnection();
        tables = new HashSet<>();
        searchTables();
    }
    /**
     * 读取数据库资源文件
     * 获得数据库链接
     * @return
     */
    private Connection getConnection(){
        logger.debug("建立数据库连接");
        String driver = "";
        String url = "";
        String username = "";
        String password = "";
        
        File f = new File(this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("/").getPath()+"jdbc.properties");
        
        Properties pro = new Properties();
        InputStream in = null;
        try {
            in = new FileInputStream(f);
            pro.load(in);
            driver = pro.getProperty("jdbc.driverClass");
            url = pro.getProperty("jdbc.url");
            username = pro.getProperty("jdbc.username");
            password = pro.getProperty("jdbc.password");
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            logger.error("资源文件未找到,请命名为jdbc.properties,并置于src下");
            System.err.println("资源文件未找到,请命名为jdbc.properties,并置于src下");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            logger.error("资源文件读写异常");
            System.err.println("资源文件读写异常");
        }
        Connection conn = null;
        try {
            Class.forName(driver);
            conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url,username,password);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            logger.error("加载驱动不成功,请检查是否添加了jdbc的必要包");
            System.err.println("加载驱动不成功,请检查是否添加了jdbc的必要包");
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("数据库连接错误,检查账号密码和数据库地址");
            System.err.println("数据库连接错误,检查账号密码和数据库地址");
        }
        return conn;
    }
    /**
     * 自动建表
     * @param clazz
     */
    public void checkAndCreate(Class<?> clazz){
        String tableName = getTableName(clazz);
        if(tableExist(tableName))
        {
            logger.debug(tableName+"表已存在");
            return;
        }
        Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("create table ");
        sb.append(tableName);
        sb.append(" (");
        for(int i=0;i<fields.length;i++){
            PrimaryKey pk = fields[i].getAnnotation(PrimaryKey.class);
            sb.append(getColumnName(fields[i]));
            sb.append(" ");
            Class<?> type = fields[i].getType();
            if(type == String.class)
                sb.append("VARCHAR(255)");
            else if(type == int.class)
                sb.append("INT(50)");
            else if(type == long.class)
                sb.append("BIGINT(20)");
            else if(type == double.class || type == float.class)
                sb.append("DOUBLE");
            //如果是主键字段
            if(pk != null){
                sb.append(" primary key");
                AutoIncrement ai = fields[i].getAnnotation(AutoIncrement.class);
                //判断是否自增
                if(ai != null){
                    sb.append(" AUTO_INCREMENT");
                }
            }
            if(i != (fields.length-1))
                sb.append(",");
        }
        sb.append(")DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8");
        logger.debug("sql:"+sb.toString());
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sb.toString());
            pst.execute();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("建表错误:"+e.getMessage());
        }
        
    }
    /**
     * 获得表名字
     * @param clazz
     * @return
     */
    public String getTableName(Class<?> clazz){
        //获得表别名
        ATable table = clazz.getAnnotation(ATable.class);
        if(table != null && "".equals(table.name()))
            return table.name();
        else
        {
            return clazz.getSimpleName();
        }
    }
    /**
     * 获取列名称
     * @param field
     * @return
     */
    public String getColumnName(Field field){
        Column column = field.getAnnotation(Column.class);
        if(column != null){
            return column.value();
        }else{
            return field.getName();
        }
    }
    /**
     * 查询表是否存在
     * @return
     */
    private void searchTables(){
        String sql = "show tables";
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            logger.debug("sql执行:"+sql);
            ResultSet rset = pst.executeQuery();
            while(rset.next()){
                String tname = rset.getString(1);
                tables.add(tname);
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("sql错误:"+e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    /**
     * 判断是否存在某数据
     * @param sql
     * @return
     */
    public boolean dataExist(String sql){
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            logger.debug("sql执行:"+sql);
            ResultSet rset = pst.executeQuery();
            long id = 0;
            while(rset.next()){
                id = rset.getLong("id");
            }
            if(id == 0)
                return false;
            else
                return true;
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("sql错误:"+e.getMessage());
            return false;
        }
    }
    /**
     * 插入数据sql
     * @param sql
     */
    public void insertSql(String sql){
        try {
            PreparedStatement pst = conn.prepareStatement(sql);
            logger.debug("sql执行:"+sql);
            pst.execute();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("sql错误:"+e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    //获得单例
    public static InitDataBases getInstance(){
        return instance;
    }
    public boolean tableExist(String table) {
        return tables.contains(table);
    }
    //关闭链接
    public void closeConn(){
        logger.debug("关闭数据库连接...");
        try {
            conn.close();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            logger.error("关闭数据库连接失败:"+e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

    然后在启动的Listener中加入。

        CommonInfo.FilePackage = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("/").getPath()+"/WEB-INF/fildDownload";
        File pkg = new File(CommonInfo.FilePackage);
        if(!pkg.exists())
            pkg.mkdirs();
        
        File f = new File(this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("/").getPath()+"/Model");
        File[] fs = f.listFiles();
        List<String> tables = new ArrayList<>();
        for(File fl:fs){
            String fname = fl.getName();
            fname = fname.substring(0,fname.length()-6);
            tables.add(fname);
        }
        InitDataBases initDB = InitDataBases.getInstance();
        try {
            for (String table : tables) {
                Class<?> clazz = Class.forName("Model." + table);
                initDB.checkAndCreate(clazz);
            }
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            logger.error("找不到bean:"+e.getMessage());;
        

    大概的思路就是,检查bean文件夹下是否存在bean并且bean中是否有Annotation修饰,并拼凑建表语句,最后新建表,别忘了关闭数据库连接。

 

 

 

 

     

posted @ 2017-12-10 18:43  天目山电鳗  阅读(3795)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报