urllib库中文详解
urllib
urlopen
urllib.request.urlopen(url, data=None, [timeout, ]*, cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None)
实例一
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行结果
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK-->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<meta content="always" name="referrer">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="百度搜索" />
<link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu.svg">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s1.bdstatic.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t1.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t2.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t3.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t10.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t11.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t12.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b1.bdstatic.com"/>
<title>百度一下，你就知道</title>
<style id="css_index" index="index" type="text/css">html,body{height:100%}
html{overflow-y:auto}
body{font:12px arial;text-align:;background:#fff}
body,p,form,ul,li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}
body,form,#fm{position:relative}
td{text-align:left}
img{border:0}
a{color:#00c}
a:active{color:#f60}
input{border:0;padding:0}
#wrapper{position:relative;_position:;min-height:100%}
#head{padding-bottom:100px;text-align:center;*z-index:1}
#ftCon{height:50px;position:absolute;bottom:47px;text-align:left;width:100%;margin:0 auto;z-index:0;overflow:hidden}
.ftCon-Wrapper{overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;*width:640px}
.qrcodeCon{text-align:center;position:absolute;bottom:140px;height:60px;width:100%}
#qrcode{display:inline-block;*float:left;*margin-top:4px}
#qrcode .qrcode-item{float:left}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-2{margin-left:33px}
#qrcode .qrcode-img{width:60px;height:60px}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_efde696.png) 0 0 no-repeat}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_365eabd.png) 0 0 no-repeat}
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2){#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_x2_9d645d9.png);background-size:60px 60px}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_x2_55dc5b7.png);background-size:60px 60px}}
#qrcode .qrcode-text{color:#999;line-height:23px;margin:3px 0 0 5px}
#qrcode .qrcode-text a{color:#999;text-decoration:none}
#qrcode .qrcode-text p{text-align:left}
#qrcode .qrcode-text b{color:#666;font-weight:700}
#qrcode .qrcode-text span{letter-spacing:1px}
#ftConw{display:inline-block;text-align:left;margin-left:33px;line-height:22px;position:relative;top:-2px;*float:right;*margin-left:0;*position:static}
#ftConw,#ftConw a{color:#999}
#ftConw{text-align:center;margin-left:0}
.bg{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png);background-repeat:no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}
.c-icon{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;vertical-align:text-bottom;font-style:normal;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png) no-repeat 0 0;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}
.c-icon-triangle-down-blue{background-position:-480px -168px}
.c-icon-chevron-unfold2{background-position:-504px -168px}
#m{width:720px;margin:0 auto}
#nv a,#nv b,.btn,#lk{font-size:14px}
#nv{height:19px;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 4px;text-align:left;text-indent:137px}
.s_btn{width:95px;height:32px;padding-top:2px\9;font-size:14px;background-color:#ddd;background-position:0 -48px;cursor:pointer}
.s_btn_h{background-position:-240px -48px}
.s_btn_wr{width:97px;height:34px;display:inline-block;background-position:-120px -48px;*position:relative;z-index:0;vertical-align:top}
#jgwab{margin-left:19px}
#cp .c-icon-icrlogo,.c-icon-jgwablogo{width:14px;height:17px;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png) no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}
#cp .c-icon-icrlogo{background-position:-600px -96px;position:relative;top:3px}
.c-icon-jgwablogo{background-position:-623px -96px;position:relative;top:3px}
#shouji{margin-right:14px}
#u{display:none}
#c-tips-container{display:none}
#wrapper{min-width:810px;height:100%;min-height:600px}
#head{position:relative;padding-bottom:0;height:100%;min-height:600px}
#head .head_wrapper{height:100%}
#m{position:relative}
#fm{padding-left:40px;top:-37px}
#lh a{margin-left:62px}
#lh #seth,#lh #setf{margin-left:0}
#lk{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0;margin:33px 0}
#lk span{font:14px "宋体"}
#nv{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0}
#lm{color:#666;width:100%;height:60px;margin-top:60px;line-height:15px;font-size:13px;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}
#lm a{color:#666}
#pad-version{line-height:40px}
.s_ipt_wr.bg,.s_btn_wr.bg,#su.bg{background-image:none}
.s_btn_wr{width:auto;height:auto;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;*border-bottom:0}
.s_btn{width:100px;height:36px;color:#fff;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:1px;background:#3385ff;border-bottom:1px solid #2d78f4;outline:medium;*border-bottom:0;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-border-radius:0}
.s_btn.btnhover{background:#317ef3;border-bottom:1px solid #2868c8;*border-bottom:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #ccc}
.s_btn_h{background:#3075dc;box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-o-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb}
#result_logo{display:none}
#index_logo img{display:inline-block;width:270px;height:129px}
#s_tab{display:none}
.s_form{position:relative;top:38.2%}
.s_form_wrapper{position:relative;top:-191px}
.s_ipt_wr{height:34px}
#head .c-icon-bear-round{display:none}
#form{margin:22px auto 0;width:641px;text-align:left;z-index:100}
#form .bdsug,#fm .bdsug{top:35px}
.bdsug{display:none;position:absolute;width:538px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;_overflow:hidden;box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed}
.bdsug.bdsugbg ul{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_1762fe7.png) 100% 100% no-repeat;background-size:100px 110px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_90fc9cf.gif)\9}
.bdsug li{width:522px;color:#000;font:14px arial;line-height:25px;padding:0 8px;position:relative;cursor:default}
.bdsug li.bdsug-s{background:#f0f0f0}
.bdsug-store span,.bdsug-store b{color:#7A77C8}
.bdsug-store-del{font-size:12px;color:#666;text-decoration:underline;position:absolute;right:8px;top:0;cursor:pointer;display:none}
.bdsug-s .bdsug-store-del{display:inline-block}
.bdsug-ala{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}
.bdsug-ala h3{line-height:14px;background:url(//www.baidu.com/img/sug_bd.png) no-repeat left center;margin:8px 0 5px;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;color:#7B7B7B;padding-left:20px}
.bdsug-ala p{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;padding-left:20px}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct{width:auto;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f1}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p{color:#00c;font-weight:700;line-height:34px;padding:0 8px;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p img{width:16px;height:16px;margin:7px 6px 9px 0;vertical-align:middle}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p span{margin-left:8px}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p i{font-size:12px;line-height:100%;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;color:#fff;background-color:#2b99ff;display:inline;text-align:center;padding:1px 5px;*padding:2px 5px 0;margin-left:8px;overflow:hidden}
.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:30px;height:30px;background-color:#f8f8f8}
.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip{position:absolute;right:15px;top:8px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}
.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}
.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;background-color:#f8f8f8}
.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{position:absolute;right:15px;top:3px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}
.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-is-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}
.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip,.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{background-position:0 -15px}
.bdsug .bdsug-newicon{color:#929292;opacity:.7;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:2px}
.bdsug .bdsug-s .bdsug-newicon{opacity:1}
.bdsug .bdsug-newicon i{letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}
.toggle-underline{text-decoration:none}
.toggle-underline:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.tools{position:absolute;right:-75px}
#mHolder{width:62px;position:relative;z-index:296;display:none}
#mCon{height:18px;line-height:18px;position:absolute;cursor:pointer}
#mCon span{color:#00c;display:block;width:24px}
#mCon .hw{text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block}
#mCon .pinyin{display:inline-block}
#mCon .c-icon-chevron-unfold2{margin-left:5px}
#mMenu a{width:100%;height:100%;display:block;line-height:22px;text-indent:6px;text-decoration:none;filter:none\9}
#mMenu,#user ul{box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(Strength=2, Direction=135, Color=#cccccc)\9}
#mMenu{width:56px;border:1px solid #9b9b9b;list-style:none;position:absolute;right:27px;top:28px;display:none;background:#fff}
#mMenu a:hover{background:#ebebeb}
#mMenu .ln{height:1px;background:#ebebeb;overflow:hidden;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;margin-top:-1px}
#u1 a:link,#u1 a:visited{color:#666;text-decoration:none}
#u1 a:hover,#u1 a:active{text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a:active{color:#00c}
#u1{z-index:2;color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:19px 0 5px;padding:0 96px 0 0}
#u1 .reg{display:none}
#u1 a.pf,#u1 a.pf:visited{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;margin-left:20px;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.lb,#u1 a.lb:visited,#u1 a.username{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;font-size:13px;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.bri,#u1 a.bri:visited{display:inline-block;position:absolute;right:10px;width:60px;height:23px;float:left;color:#fff;background:#38f;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:1px solid #38f;margin-left:19px;margin-right:2px}
#u1 a.bri.brihover{display:none;text-decoration:none;color:#333;background:0 0;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;margin-left:19px}
#u1 #lm a{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.mnav,#u1 a.mnav:visited{float:left;color:#333;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;font-size:13px;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.pf:hover,#u1 a.lb:hover,#u1 a.mnav:hover{color:#00c}
.briiconsbg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png);background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\9}
.bdpfmenu{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;right:160px;width:68px;top:36px;margin-top:-1px;_margin-top:-3px;z-index:2;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}
.bdpfmenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}
#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:link,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:visited{background:#fff;color:#333}
#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:hover,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:active{background:#38f;text-decoration:none;color:#fff}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow em,#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;border:5px solid transparent;border-style:dashed dashed solid}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow em{border-bottom-color:#d8d8d8;top:-1px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{border-bottom-color:#fff;top:0}
.s-isindex-wrap #wrapper .bdnuarrow{height:13px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png) no-repeat -90px -1px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow.bdbriarrow{right:104px;display:none!important}
#wrapper .bdbri{width:85px;min-height:100px;border-left:1px solid #e7e7e7;position:absolute;background-color:#f9f9f9;overflow:hidden;z-index:2;right:0;top:0}
#prefpanel{background:#fafafa;display:none;opacity:0;position:fixed;_position:absolute;top:-359px;z-index:1000;width:100%;min-width:960px;border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}
#prefpanel form{_width:850px}
#wrapper .bdbriimgtitle{color:#333;text-align:center;width:66px;height:43px;line-height:43px;padding-top:9px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;font-size:13px;cursor:default}
#wrapper .briscrollwrapper{overflow:hidden}
#wrapper .briscrollwrapperContainer{position:relative}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a{display:block;text-align:center;width:66px;height:76px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;color:#666;text-decoration:none;overflow:hidden}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:visited,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:visited{color:#666}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:hover,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:hover{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:active,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:active{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span{width:36px;height:36px;display:block;margin:10px auto 5px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/logos/bdbri_icons_0a62ce1.png) no-repeat;cursor:pointer}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrimore,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{clear:both;text-align:center}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{margin-top:15px;height:30px;width:85px;overflow:hidden}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_1{background-position:0 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_2{background-position:-36px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_3{width:40px;background-position:-72px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_4{background-position:-112px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_5{background-position:-148px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_6{background-position:-184px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_7{background-position:-220px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:link,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:visited{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:hover{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:active{color:#00c}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll{position:absolute;top:10px;right:1px;width:8px;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;border-left:1px solid #e4e4e4;cursor:default;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll .bdbriscroll-axis{width:8px;left:0;z-index:0;position:absolute;background:#f2f2f2}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll-touch .bdbriscroll-axis{width:7px;background:#f2f2f2}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll-hover .bdbriscroll-axis{background:#f2f2f2}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll .bdbriscroll-slider{overflow:hidden;width:7px;height:14px;position:absolute;left:0;z-index:10;display:none;background:#d9d9d9;margin-top:-1px;margin-left:-1px;border-right:1px solid #cecece;border-bottom:1px solid #cecece;cursor:default}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll-touch .bdbriscroll-slider,.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll-hover .bdbriscroll-slider{background:#b8b8b8;border-right:1px solid #afafaf;border-bottom:1px solid #afafaf}</style>
<!--[if lte IE 8]>
<style index="index" data-compress="strip">
.s_form{top:260px}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>
<style index="index" data-compress="strip">
#u1 a.mnav,#u1 a.mnav:visited,#u1 a.lb,#u1 a.lb:visited,#u1 a.pf,#u1 a.pf:visited,#u1 a.bri,#u1 a.bri:visited{font-family:simsun;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<style data-for="debug">
#debug{display:none!important;}
</style>
<style data-for="result" id="css_index_result" type="text/css">#seth{display:inline;behavior:url(#default#homepage)}
#setf{display:inline}
#sekj{margin-left:14px}
#st,#sekj{display:none}
.s_ipt_wr{border:1px solid #b6b6b6;border-color:#7b7b7b #b6b6b6 #b6b6b6 #7b7b7b;background:#fff;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:539px;margin-right:0;border-right-width:0;border-color:#b8b8b8 transparent #ccc #b8b8b8;overflow:hidden}
.wrapper_s .s_ipt_wr{width:439px}
.wrapper_s .s_ipt{width:434px}
.wrapper_s .s_ipt_tip{width:434px}
.s_ipt_wr:hover,.s_ipt_wr.ipthover{border-color:#999 transparent #b3b3b3 #999}
.s_ipt_wr.iptfocus{border-color:#4791ff transparent #4791ff #4791ff}
.s_ipt_tip{color:#aaa;position:absolute;z-index:-10;font:16px/22px arial;height:32px;line-height:32px;padding-left:7px;overflow:hidden;width:526px}
.s_ipt{width:526px;height:22px;font:16px/18px arial;line-height:22px\9;margin:6px 0 0 7px;padding:0;background:transparent;border:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none}
#kw{position:relative}
#u .username i{background-position:-408px -144px}
.bdpfmenu,.usermenu{border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;width:105px;top:36px;z-index:302;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}
.bdpfmenu{font-size:12px;background-color:#fff}
.bdpfmenu a,.usermenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}
.briiconsbg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png);background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\9}
#u{z-index:301;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:21px 9px 5px 0;padding:0}
.wrapper_s #u{margin-right:3px}
#u a{text-decoration:underline;color:#333;margin:0 7px}
.wrapper_s #u a{margin-right:0 6px}
#u div a{text-decoration:none}
#u a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
#u .back_org{color:#666;float:left;display:inline-block;height:24px;line-height:24px}
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实例二
import urllib.parse
import urllib.request
data = bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode({'word': 'hello'}), encoding='utf8')
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data)
print(response.read())
运行结果
b'{\n "args": {}, \n "data": "", \n "files": {}, \n "form": {\n "word": "hello"\n }, \n "headers": {\n "Accept-Encoding": "identity", \n "Connect-Time": "1", \n "Connection": "close", \n "Content-Length": "10", \n "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", \n "Host": "httpbin.org", \n "Total-Route-Time": "0", \n "User-Agent": "Python-urllib/3.5", \n "Via": "1.1 vegur", \n "X-Request-Id": "89667a57-c909-475a-9870-f01181e8c85d"\n }, \n "json": null, \n "origin": "219.238.82.169", \n "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"\n}\n'
实例三
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get', timeout=1)
print(response.read())
运行结果
b'{\n "args": {}, \n "headers": {\n "Accept-Encoding": "identity", \n "Connect-Time": "0", \n "Connection": "close", \n "Host": "httpbin.org", \n "Total-Route-Time": "0", \n "User-Agent": "Python-urllib/3.5", \n "Via": "1.1 vegur", \n "X-Request-Id": "40948f0e-e4b2-4b5f-9d84-aeb77595ca52"\n }, \n "origin": "219.238.82.169", \n "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"\n}\n'
实例四
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get', timeout=1)
print(response.read())
运行结果
TIME OUT
响应
响应类型
实例一
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.python.org')
print(type(response))
运行结果
<class 'http.client.HTTPResponse'>
状态码、响应头
实例一
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.python.org')
print(response.status)
print(response.getheaders())
print(response.getheader('Server'))
运行结果
1 200 2 [('Server', 'nginx'), ('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8'), ('X-Frame-Options', 'SAMEORIGIN'), ('X-Clacks-Overhead', 'GNU Terry Pratchett'), ('Content-Length', '47436'), ('Accept-Ranges', 'bytes'), ('Date', 'Wed, 22 Mar 2017 15:40:16 GMT'), ('Via', '1.1 varnish'), ('Age', '3417'), ('Connection', 'close'), ('X-Served-By', 'cache-itm7426-ITM'), ('X-Cache', 'HIT'), ('X-Cache-Hits', '16'), ('X-Timer', 'S1490197216.605863,VS0,VE0'), ('Vary', 'Cookie'), ('Public-Key-Pins', 'max-age=600; includeSubDomains; pin-sha256="WoiWRyIOVNa9ihaBciRSC7XHjliYS9VwUGOIud4PB18="; pin-sha256="5C8kvU039KouVrl52D0eZSGf4Onjo4Khs8tmyTlV3nU="; pin-sha256="5C8kvU039KouVrl52D0eZSGf4Onjo4Khs8tmyTlV3nU="; pin-sha256="lCppFqbkrlJ3EcVFAkeip0+44VaoJUymbnOaEUk7tEU="; pin-sha256="TUDnr0MEoJ3of7+YliBMBVFB4/gJsv5zO7IxD9+YoWI="; pin-sha256="x4QzPSC810K5/cMjb05Qm4k3Bw5zBn4lTdO/nEW/Td4=";'), ('Strict-Transport-Security', 'max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains')] 3 nginx
实例二
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.python.org')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行结果
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class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Fibonacci series up to n</span> >>> def fib(n): >>> a, b = 0, 1 >>> while a < n: >>> print(a, end=' ') >>> a, b = b, a+b >>> print() >>> fib(1000) <span class="output">0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Functions Defined</h1> <p>The core of extensible programming is defining functions. Python allows mandatory and optional arguments, keyword arguments, and even arbitrary argument lists. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">More about defining functions in Python 3</a></p></div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: List comprehensions</span> >>> fruits = ['Banana', 'Apple', 'Lime'] >>> loud_fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in fruits] >>> print(loud_fruits) <span class="output">['BANANA', 'APPLE', 'LIME']</span> <span class="comment"># List and the enumerate function</span> >>> list(enumerate(fruits)) <span class="output">[(0, 'Banana'), (1, 'Apple'), (2, 'Lime')]</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Compound Data Types</h1> <p>Lists (known as arrays in other languages) are one of the compound data types that Python understands. Lists can be indexed, sliced and manipulated with other built-in functions. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#lists">More about lists in Python 3</a></p></div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Simple arithmetic</span> >>> 1 / 2 <span class="output">0.5</span> >>> 2 ** 3 <span class="output">8</span> >>> 17 / 3 <span class="comment"># classic division returns a float</span> <span class="output">5.666666666666667</span> >>> 17 // 3 <span class="comment"># floor division</span> <span class="output">5</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Intuitive Interpretation</h1> <p>Calculations are simple with Python, and expression syntax is straightforward: the operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code> and <code>/</code> work as expected; parentheses <code>()</code> can be used for grouping. <a href="http://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">More about simple math functions in Python 3</a>.</p></div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Simple output (with Unicode)</span> >>> print("Hello, I'm Python!") <span class="output">Hello, I'm Python!</span> <span class="comment"># Input, assignment</span> >>> name = input('What is your name?\n') >>> print('Hi, %s.' % name) <span class="output">What is your name? Python Hi, Python.</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Quick & Easy to Learn</h1> <p>Experienced programmers in any other language can pick up Python very quickly, and beginners find the clean syntax and indentation structure easy to learn. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/">Whet your appetite</a> with our Python 3 overview.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># For loop on a list</span> >>> numbers = [2, 4, 6, 8] >>> product = 1 >>> for number in numbers: ... product = product * number ... >>> print('The product is:', product) <span class="output">The product is: 384</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>All the Flow You’d Expect</h1> <p>Python knows the usual control flow statements that other languages speak — <code>if</code>, <code>for</code>, <code>while</code> and <code>range</code> — with some of its own twists, of course. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html">More control flow tools in Python 3</a></p></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="introduction"> <p>Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly <span class="breaker"></span>and integrate systems more effectively. <a class="readmore" href="/doc/">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div><!-- end .container --> </header> <div id="content" class="content-wrapper"> <!-- Main Content Column --> <div class="container"> <section class="main-content " role="main"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-widget get-started-widget"> <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-get-started"></span>Get Started</h2> <p>Whether you're new to programming or an experienced developer, it's easy to learn and use Python.</p> <p><a href="/about/gettingstarted/">Start with our Beginner’s Guide</a></p> </div> <div class="small-widget download-widget"> <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-download"></span>Download</h2> <p>Python source code and installers are available for download for all versions! 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Request
实例一
import urllib.request
request = urllib.request.Request('https://python.org')
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行结果
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class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Fibonacci series up to n</span> >>> def fib(n): >>> a, b = 0, 1 >>> while a < n: >>> print(a, end=' ') >>> a, b = b, a+b >>> print() >>> fib(1000) <span class="output">0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Functions Defined</h1> <p>The core of extensible programming is defining functions. Python allows mandatory and optional arguments, keyword arguments, and even arbitrary argument lists. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions">More about defining functions in Python 3</a></p></div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: List comprehensions</span> >>> fruits = ['Banana', 'Apple', 'Lime'] >>> loud_fruits = [fruit.upper() for fruit in fruits] >>> print(loud_fruits) <span class="output">['BANANA', 'APPLE', 'LIME']</span> <span class="comment"># List and the enumerate function</span> >>> list(enumerate(fruits)) <span class="output">[(0, 'Banana'), (1, 'Apple'), (2, 'Lime')]</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Compound Data Types</h1> <p>Lists (known as arrays in other languages) are one of the compound data types that Python understands. Lists can be indexed, sliced and manipulated with other built-in functions. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#lists">More about lists in Python 3</a></p></div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Simple arithmetic</span> >>> 1 / 2 <span class="output">0.5</span> >>> 2 ** 3 <span class="output">8</span> >>> 17 / 3 <span class="comment"># classic division returns a float</span> <span class="output">5.666666666666667</span> >>> 17 // 3 <span class="comment"># floor division</span> <span class="output">5</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Intuitive Interpretation</h1> <p>Calculations are simple with Python, and expression syntax is straightforward: the operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code> and <code>/</code> work as expected; parentheses <code>()</code> can be used for grouping. <a href="http://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#using-python-as-a-calculator">More about simple math functions in Python 3</a>.</p></div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># Python 3: Simple output (with Unicode)</span> >>> print("Hello, I'm Python!") <span class="output">Hello, I'm Python!</span> <span class="comment"># Input, assignment</span> >>> name = input('What is your name?\n') >>> print('Hi, %s.' % name) <span class="output">What is your name? Python Hi, Python.</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>Quick & Easy to Learn</h1> <p>Experienced programmers in any other language can pick up Python very quickly, and beginners find the clean syntax and indentation structure easy to learn. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/">Whet your appetite</a> with our Python 3 overview.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="slide-code"><pre><code><span class="comment"># For loop on a list</span> >>> numbers = [2, 4, 6, 8] >>> product = 1 >>> for number in numbers: ... product = product * number ... >>> print('The product is:', product) <span class="output">The product is: 384</span></code></pre></div> <div class="slide-copy"><h1>All the Flow You’d Expect</h1> <p>Python knows the usual control flow statements that other languages speak — <code>if</code>, <code>for</code>, <code>while</code> and <code>range</code> — with some of its own twists, of course. <a href="//docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html">More control flow tools in Python 3</a></p></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="introduction"> <p>Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly <span class="breaker"></span>and integrate systems more effectively. <a class="readmore" href="/doc/">Learn More</a></p> </div> </div><!-- end .container --> </header> <div id="content" class="content-wrapper"> <!-- Main Content Column --> <div class="container"> <section class="main-content " role="main"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-widget get-started-widget"> <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-get-started"></span>Get Started</h2> <p>Whether you're new to programming or an experienced developer, it's easy to learn and use Python.</p> <p><a href="/about/gettingstarted/">Start with our Beginner’s Guide</a></p> </div> <div class="small-widget download-widget"> <h2 class="widget-title"><span aria-hidden="true" class="icon-download"></span>Download</h2> <p>Python source code and installers are available for download for all versions! 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type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/plugins/IE8-min.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <![endif]--> <!--[if lte IE 8]> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/plugins/getComputedStyle-min.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <![endif]--> </body> </html>
实例二
from urllib import request, parse
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)',
'Host': 'httpbin.org'
}
dict = {
'name': 'Germey'
}
data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding='utf8')
req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers, method='POST')
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行结果
1 { 2 "args": {}, 3 "data": "", 4 "files": {}, 5 "form": { 6 "name": "Germey" 7 }, 8 "headers": { 9 "Accept-Encoding": "identity", 10 "Connect-Time": "1", 11 "Connection": "close", 12 "Content-Length": "11", 13 "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 14 "Host": "httpbin.org", 15 "Total-Route-Time": "0", 16 "User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)", 17 "Via": "1.1 vegur", 18 "X-Request-Id": "f96e736e-0b8a-4ab4-9dcc-a970fcd2fbbf" 19 }, 20 "json": null, 21 "origin": "219.238.82.169", 22 "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" 23 }
实例三
from urllib import request, parse
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
dict = {
'name': 'Germey'
}
data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding='utf8')
req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, method='POST')
req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)')
response = request.urlopen(req)
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
运行结果
1 { 2 "args": {}, 3 "data": "", 4 "files": {}, 5 "form": { 6 "name": "Germey" 7 }, 8 "headers": { 9 "Accept-Encoding": "identity", 10 "Connect-Time": "0", 11 "Connection": "close", 12 "Content-Length": "11", 13 "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 14 "Host": "httpbin.org", 15 "Total-Route-Time": "0", 16 "User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)", 17 "Via": "1.1 vegur", 18 "X-Request-Id": "a624bcaa-3581-4b93-84b0-037940338e71" 19 }, 20 "json": null, 21 "origin": "219.238.82.169", 22 "url": "http://httpbin.org/post" 23 }
Handler
代理
实例一
import urllib.request
proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({
'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:9743',
'https': 'https://127.0.0.1:9743'
})
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler)
response = opener.open('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.read())
运行结果
1 b'{\n "args": {}, \n "headers": {\n "Accept-Encoding": "identity", \n "Connect-Time": "2", \n "Connection": "close", \n "Host": "httpbin.org", \n "Total-Route-Time": "0", \n "User-Agent": "Python-urllib/3.5", \n "Via": "1.1 vegur", \n "X-Request-Id": "b0e2272d-1663-4192-ac45-eb958279afd8"\n }, \n "origin": "110.10.176.224", \n "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"\n}\n' 2 Cookie
Cookie
实例一
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
cookie = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
for item in cookie:
print(item.name+"="+item.value)
运行结果
1 BAIDUID=E77BF84491E332F6F8F1D451AD0063D3:FG=1 2 BIDUPSID=E77BF84491E332F6F8F1D451AD0063D3 3 H_PS_PSSID=1466_21127_22075 4 PSTM=1490198051 5 BDSVRTM=0 6 BD_HOME=0
实例二
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request
filename = "cookie.txt"
cookie = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open('http://www.baidu.com')
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
运行结果
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK-->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<meta content="always" name="referrer">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="百度搜索" />
<link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu.svg">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s1.bdstatic.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t1.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t2.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t3.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t10.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t11.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t12.baidu.com"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b1.bdstatic.com"/>
<title>百度一下，你就知道</title>
<style id="css_index" index="index" type="text/css">html,body{height:100%}
html{overflow-y:auto}
body{font:12px arial;text-align:;background:#fff}
body,p,form,ul,li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}
body,form,#fm{position:relative}
td{text-align:left}
img{border:0}
a{color:#00c}
a:active{color:#f60}
input{border:0;padding:0}
#wrapper{position:relative;_position:;min-height:100%}
#head{padding-bottom:100px;text-align:center;*z-index:1}
#ftCon{height:50px;position:absolute;bottom:47px;text-align:left;width:100%;margin:0 auto;z-index:0;overflow:hidden}
.ftCon-Wrapper{overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;*width:640px}
.qrcodeCon{text-align:center;position:absolute;bottom:140px;height:60px;width:100%}
#qrcode{display:inline-block;*float:left;*margin-top:4px}
#qrcode .qrcode-item{float:left}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-2{margin-left:33px}
#qrcode .qrcode-img{width:60px;height:60px}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_efde696.png) 0 0 no-repeat}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_365eabd.png) 0 0 no-repeat}
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2){#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_x2_9d645d9.png);background-size:60px 60px}
#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_x2_55dc5b7.png);background-size:60px 60px}}
#qrcode .qrcode-text{color:#999;line-height:23px;margin:3px 0 0 5px}
#qrcode .qrcode-text a{color:#999;text-decoration:none}
#qrcode .qrcode-text p{text-align:left}
#qrcode .qrcode-text b{color:#666;font-weight:700}
#qrcode .qrcode-text span{letter-spacing:1px}
#ftConw{display:inline-block;text-align:left;margin-left:33px;line-height:22px;position:relative;top:-2px;*float:right;*margin-left:0;*position:static}
#ftConw,#ftConw a{color:#999}
#ftConw{text-align:center;margin-left:0}
.bg{background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png);background-repeat:no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}
.c-icon{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;vertical-align:text-bottom;font-style:normal;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png) no-repeat 0 0;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}
.c-icon-triangle-down-blue{background-position:-480px -168px}
.c-icon-chevron-unfold2{background-position:-504px -168px}
#m{width:720px;margin:0 auto}
#nv a,#nv b,.btn,#lk{font-size:14px}
#nv{height:19px;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 4px;text-align:left;text-indent:137px}
.s_btn{width:95px;height:32px;padding-top:2px\9;font-size:14px;background-color:#ddd;background-position:0 -48px;cursor:pointer}
.s_btn_h{background-position:-240px -48px}
.s_btn_wr{width:97px;height:34px;display:inline-block;background-position:-120px -48px;*position:relative;z-index:0;vertical-align:top}
#jgwab{margin-left:19px}
#cp .c-icon-icrlogo,.c-icon-jgwablogo{width:14px;height:17px;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5859e57.png) no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_d5b04cc.gif)}
#cp .c-icon-icrlogo{background-position:-600px -96px;position:relative;top:3px}
.c-icon-jgwablogo{background-position:-623px -96px;position:relative;top:3px}
#shouji{margin-right:14px}
#u{display:none}
#c-tips-container{display:none}
#wrapper{min-width:810px;height:100%;min-height:600px}
#head{position:relative;padding-bottom:0;height:100%;min-height:600px}
#head .head_wrapper{height:100%}
#m{position:relative}
#fm{padding-left:40px;top:-37px}
#lh a{margin-left:62px}
#lh #seth,#lh #setf{margin-left:0}
#lk{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0;margin:33px 0}
#lk span{font:14px "宋体"}
#nv{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0}
#lm{color:#666;width:100%;height:60px;margin-top:60px;line-height:15px;font-size:13px;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}
#lm a{color:#666}
#pad-version{line-height:40px}
.s_ipt_wr.bg,.s_btn_wr.bg,#su.bg{background-image:none}
.s_btn_wr{width:auto;height:auto;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;*border-bottom:0}
.s_btn{width:100px;height:36px;color:#fff;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:1px;background:#3385ff;border-bottom:1px solid #2d78f4;outline:medium;*border-bottom:0;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-border-radius:0}
.s_btn.btnhover{background:#317ef3;border-bottom:1px solid #2868c8;*border-bottom:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #ccc}
.s_btn_h{background:#3075dc;box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-moz-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb;-o-box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 5px #2964bb}
#result_logo{display:none}
#index_logo img{display:inline-block;width:270px;height:129px}
#s_tab{display:none}
.s_form{position:relative;top:38.2%}
.s_form_wrapper{position:relative;top:-191px}
.s_ipt_wr{height:34px}
#head .c-icon-bear-round{display:none}
#form{margin:22px auto 0;width:641px;text-align:left;z-index:100}
#form .bdsug,#fm .bdsug{top:35px}
.bdsug{display:none;position:absolute;width:538px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;_overflow:hidden;box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed}
.bdsug.bdsugbg ul{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_1762fe7.png) 100% 100% no-repeat;background-size:100px 110px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/sugbg_90fc9cf.gif)\9}
.bdsug li{width:522px;color:#000;font:14px arial;line-height:25px;padding:0 8px;position:relative;cursor:default}
.bdsug li.bdsug-s{background:#f0f0f0}
.bdsug-store span,.bdsug-store b{color:#7A77C8}
.bdsug-store-del{font-size:12px;color:#666;text-decoration:underline;position:absolute;right:8px;top:0;cursor:pointer;display:none}
.bdsug-s .bdsug-store-del{display:inline-block}
.bdsug-ala{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}
.bdsug-ala h3{line-height:14px;background:url(//www.baidu.com/img/sug_bd.png) no-repeat left center;margin:8px 0 5px;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;color:#7B7B7B;padding-left:20px}
.bdsug-ala p{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;padding-left:20px}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct{width:auto;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f1}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p{color:#00c;font-weight:700;line-height:34px;padding:0 8px;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p img{width:16px;height:16px;margin:7px 6px 9px 0;vertical-align:middle}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p span{margin-left:8px}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p i{font-size:12px;line-height:100%;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;color:#fff;background-color:#2b99ff;display:inline;text-align:center;padding:1px 5px;*padding:2px 5px 0;margin-left:8px;overflow:hidden}
.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:30px;height:30px;background-color:#f8f8f8}
.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip{position:absolute;right:15px;top:8px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}
.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}
.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;background-color:#f8f8f8}
.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{position:absolute;right:15px;top:3px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}
.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-is-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}
.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip,.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{background-position:0 -15px}
.bdsug .bdsug-newicon{color:#929292;opacity:.7;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:2px}
.bdsug .bdsug-s .bdsug-newicon{opacity:1}
.bdsug .bdsug-newicon i{letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}
.toggle-underline{text-decoration:none}
.toggle-underline:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.tools{position:absolute;right:-75px}
#mHolder{width:62px;position:relative;z-index:296;display:none}
#mCon{height:18px;line-height:18px;position:absolute;cursor:pointer}
#mCon span{color:#00c;display:block;width:24px}
#mCon .hw{text-decoration:underline;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block}
#mCon .pinyin{display:inline-block}
#mCon .c-icon-chevron-unfold2{margin-left:5px}
#mMenu a{width:100%;height:100%;display:block;line-height:22px;text-indent:6px;text-decoration:none;filter:none\9}
#mMenu,#user ul{box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 2px #ccc;filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(Strength=2, Direction=135, Color=#cccccc)\9}
#mMenu{width:56px;border:1px solid #9b9b9b;list-style:none;position:absolute;right:27px;top:28px;display:none;background:#fff}
#mMenu a:hover{background:#ebebeb}
#mMenu .ln{height:1px;background:#ebebeb;overflow:hidden;font-size:1px;line-height:1px;margin-top:-1px}
#u1 a:link,#u1 a:visited{color:#666;text-decoration:none}
#u1 a:hover,#u1 a:active{text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a:active{color:#00c}
#u1{z-index:2;color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:19px 0 5px;padding:0 96px 0 0}
#u1 .reg{display:none}
#u1 a.pf,#u1 a.pf:visited{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;margin-left:20px;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.lb,#u1 a.lb:visited,#u1 a.username{display:inline-block;float:left;color:#333;font-size:13px;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.bri,#u1 a.bri:visited{display:inline-block;position:absolute;right:10px;width:60px;height:23px;float:left;color:#fff;background:#38f;line-height:24px;font-size:13px;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;border-bottom:1px solid #38f;margin-left:19px;margin-right:2px}
#u1 a.bri.brihover{display:none;text-decoration:none;color:#333;background:0 0;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;margin-left:19px}
#u1 #lm a{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.mnav,#u1 a.mnav:visited{float:left;color:#333;font-weight:700;line-height:24px;margin-left:20px;font-size:13px;text-decoration:underline}
#u1 a.pf:hover,#u1 a.lb:hover,#u1 a.mnav:hover{color:#00c}
.briiconsbg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png);background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\9}
.bdpfmenu{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;right:160px;width:68px;top:36px;margin-top:-1px;_margin-top:-3px;z-index:2;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}
.bdpfmenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}
#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:link,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:visited{background:#fff;color:#333}
#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:hover,#wrapper .bdpfmenu a:active{background:#38f;text-decoration:none;color:#fff}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow em,#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;border:5px solid transparent;border-style:dashed dashed solid}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow em{border-bottom-color:#d8d8d8;top:-1px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{border-bottom-color:#fff;top:0}
.s-isindex-wrap #wrapper .bdnuarrow{height:13px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png) no-repeat -90px -1px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow.bdbriarrow{right:104px;display:none!important}
#wrapper .bdbri{width:85px;min-height:100px;border-left:1px solid #e7e7e7;position:absolute;background-color:#f9f9f9;overflow:hidden;z-index:2;right:0;top:0}
#prefpanel{background:#fafafa;display:none;opacity:0;position:fixed;_position:absolute;top:-359px;z-index:1000;width:100%;min-width:960px;border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}
#prefpanel form{_width:850px}
#wrapper .bdbriimgtitle{color:#333;text-align:center;width:66px;height:43px;line-height:43px;padding-top:9px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;font-size:13px;cursor:default}
#wrapper .briscrollwrapper{overflow:hidden}
#wrapper .briscrollwrapperContainer{position:relative}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a{display:block;text-align:center;width:66px;height:76px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:#f0f0f0 1px solid;color:#666;text-decoration:none;overflow:hidden}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:visited,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:visited{color:#666}
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#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdmainlink a:active,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdothlink a:active{color:#00c;text-decoration:underline}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span{width:36px;height:36px;display:block;margin:10px auto 5px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/logos/bdbri_icons_0a62ce1.png) no-repeat;cursor:pointer}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrimore,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{clear:both;text-align:center}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore{margin-top:15px;height:30px;width:85px;overflow:hidden}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_1{background-position:0 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_2{background-position:-36px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_3{width:40px;background-position:-72px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_4{background-position:-112px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_5{background-position:-148px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_6{background-position:-184px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg span.bdbriimgitem_7{background-position:-220px 0}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:link,#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:visited{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:hover{color:#666;text-decoration:underline}
#wrapper .bdbri.bdbriimg .bdbrievenmore a:active{color:#00c}
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.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll .bdbriscroll-axis{width:8px;left:0;z-index:0;position:absolute;background:#f2f2f2}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll-touch .bdbriscroll-axis{width:7px;background:#f2f2f2}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll-hover .bdbriscroll-axis{background:#f2f2f2}
.bdbriscroll-ctrl-scroll .bdbriscroll-slider{overflow:hidden;width:7px;height:14px;position:absolute;left:0;z-index:10;display:none;background:#d9d9d9;margin-top:-1px;margin-left:-1px;border-right:1px solid #cecece;border-bottom:1px solid #cecece;cursor:default}
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<style data-for="debug">
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</style>
<style data-for="result" id="css_index_result" type="text/css">#seth{display:inline;behavior:url(#default#homepage)}
#setf{display:inline}
#sekj{margin-left:14px}
#st,#sekj{display:none}
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.wrapper_s .s_ipt_wr{width:439px}
.wrapper_s .s_ipt{width:434px}
.wrapper_s .s_ipt_tip{width:434px}
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#kw{position:relative}
#u .username i{background-position:-408px -144px}
.bdpfmenu,.usermenu{border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;width:105px;top:36px;z-index:302;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}
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.bdpfmenu a,.usermenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}
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#u{z-index:301;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:21px 9px 5px 0;padding:0}
.wrapper_s #u{margin-right:3px}
#u a{text-decoration:underline;color:#333;margin:0 7px}
.wrapper_s #u a{margin-right:0 6px}
#u div a{text-decoration:none}
#u a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
#u .back_org{color:#666;float:left;display:inline-block;height:24px;line-height:24px}
#u .bri{display:inline-block;width:24px;height:24px;float:left;line-height:24px;color:transparent;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png) no-repeat 4px 3px;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\9;overflow:hidden}
#u .bri:hover,#u .bri.brihover{background-position:-18px 3px}
#mCon #imeSIcon{background-position:-408px -144px;margin-left:0}
#mCon span{color:#333}
.bdpfmenu a:link,.bdpfmenu a:visited,#u .usermenu a:link,#u .usermenu a:visited{background:#fff;color:#333}
.bdpfmenu a:hover,.bdpfmenu a:active,#u .usermenu a:hover,#u .usermenu a:active{background:#38f;text-decoration:none;color:#fff}
.bdpfmenu{width:70px}
.usermenu{width:68px;right:8px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow em,#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;border:5px solid transparent;border-style:dashed dashed solid}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow em{border-bottom-color:#d8d8d8;top:-1px}
#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{border-bottom-color:#fff;top:0}
#prefpanel{background:#fafafa;display:none;opacity:0;position:fixed;_position:absolute;top:-359px;z-index:500;width:100%;min-width:960px;border-bottom:1px solid #ebebeb}
#prefpanel form{_width:850px}
#kw_tip{cursor:default;display:none;margin-top:1px}
#bds-message-wrapper{top:43px}
.quickdelete-wrap{position:relative}
.quickdelete-wrap input{width:500px}
.wrapper_l .quickdelete-wrap input{width:500px}
.wrapper_s .quickdelete-wrap input{width:402px}
input::-ms-clear{display:none}
.quickdelete{width:32px;height:32px;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/quickdelete_33e3eb8.png) no-repeat;background-position:10px 10px;position:absolute;display:block}
.quickdelete:hover{background-position:10px -24px}
#lh a{margin-left:25px}
.bdbriwrapper-tuiguang{display:none!important}</style>
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<style index="index" data-compress="strip">
.s_ipt{background-color:#FFF;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<script data-compress="strip">
function h(obj){
obj.style.behavior='url(#default#homepage)';
var a = obj.setHomePage('//www.baidu.com/');
}
</script>
<noscript>
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=/baidu.html?from=noscript"/>
</noscript>
<script>window._ASYNC_START=new Date().getTime();</script>
</head>
<body link="#0000cc">
<script>
if (/Chrome\/37.0.2062.94/i.test(navigator.userAgent) && (/(windows 7)|(windows nt 6.1)/i.test(navigator.userAgent))) {
var _chrome_37_fix = document.createElement("style");
_chrome_37_fix.type="text/css";
_chrome_37_fix.setAttribute("data-for","result");
_chrome_37_fix.innerHTML = ".t,.f16,#kw,.s_ipt,.c-title,.c-title-size,.to_zhidao,.to_tieba,.to_zhidao_bottom{font-size:15px;} .ec-hospital-info-main h2,.ad-widget-gx_sck-ylzx-doctor-info h2,.ec-card-main h2,.ad-widget-h1 h2,.ad-widget-title h2,.ad-widget-small-head h2,.ad-widget-small-head h2 a,.ad-widget-header .ec-figcaption h2{font-size: 15px !important;}";
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(_chrome_37_fix);
}
</script>
<div id="wrapper" style="display:none;">
<script>if(window.bds&&bds.util&&bds.util.setContainerWidth){bds.util.setContainerWidth();}</script><div id="head"><div class="head_wrapper"><div class="s_form"><div class="s_form_wrapper"><div id="lg"><img hidefocus="true" src="//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png" width="270" height="129"></div><a href="/" id="result_logo" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'logo'})"><img src="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu_jgylogo3.gif" alt="到百度首页" title="到百度首页"></a><form id="form" name="f" action="/s" class="fm"><input type="hidden" name="ie" value="utf-8"><input type="hidden" name="f" value="8"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_bp" value="1"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_idx" value="1"><input type=hidden name=ch value=""><input type=hidden name=tn value="baidu"><input type=hidden name=bar value=""><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id="kw" name="wd" class="s_ipt" value="" maxlength="255" autocomplete="off"></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type="submit" id="su" value="百度一下" class="bg s_btn"></span><span class="tools"><span id="mHolder"><div id="mCon"><span>输入法</span></div><ul id="mMenu"><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_hw">手写</a></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_py">拼音</a></li><li class="ln"></li><li><a href="javascript:;" name="ime_cl">关闭</a></li></ul></span></span><input type="hidden" name="rn" value=""><input type="hidden" name="oq" value=""><input type="hidden" name="rsv_pq" value="d8ad1b97000b425e"><input type="hidden" name="rsv_t" value="65377Kx/reKB1MmObFICC29l+4NXRyUXUV5S1vvC05Wje71VWd3Ip1FyF6M"><input type="hidden" name="rqlang" value="cn"></form><div id="m"></div></div></div><div id="u"><a class="toindex" href="/">百度首页</a><a href="javascript:;" name="tj_settingicon" class="pf">设置<i class="c-icon c-icon-triangle-down"></i></a><a href="https://passport.baidu.com/v2/?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2F" name="tj_login" class="lb" onclick="return false;">登录</a></div><div id="u1"><a href="http://www.nuomi.com/?cid=002540" name="tj_trnuomi" class="mnav">糯米</a><a href="http://news.baidu.com" name="tj_trnews" class="mnav">新闻</a><a href="http://www.hao123.com" name="tj_trhao123" class="mnav">hao123</a><a href="http://map.baidu.com" name="tj_trmap" class="mnav">地图</a><a href="http://v.baidu.com" name="tj_trvideo" class="mnav">视频</a><a href="http://tieba.baidu.com" name="tj_trtieba" class="mnav">贴吧</a><a href="https://passport.baidu.com/v2/?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2F" name="tj_login" class="lb" onclick="return false;">登录</a><a href="http://www.baidu.com/gaoji/preferences.html" name="tj_settingicon" class="pf">设置</a><a href="http://www.baidu.com/more/" name="tj_briicon" class="bri" style="display: block;">更多产品</a></div></div></div>
<div class="s_tab" id="s_tab">
<b>网页</b><a href="http://news.baidu.com/ns?cl=2&rn=20&tn=news&word=" wdfield="word" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'news'})">新闻</a><a href="http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=&fr=wwwt" wdfield="kw" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'tieba'})">贴吧</a><a href="http://zhidao.baidu.com/q?ct=17&pn=0&tn=ikaslist&rn=10&word=&fr=wwwt" wdfield="word" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'zhidao'})">知道</a><a href="http://music.baidu.com/search?fr=ps&ie=utf-8&key=" wdfield="key" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'music'})">音乐</a><a href="http://image.baidu.com/search/index?tn=baiduimage&ps=1&ct=201326592&lm=-1&cl=2&nc=1&ie=utf-8&word=" wdfield="word" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'pic'})">图片</a><a href="http://v.baidu.com/v?ct=301989888&rn=20&pn=0&db=0&s=25&ie=utf-8&word=" wdfield="word" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'video'})">视频</a><a href="http://map.baidu.com/m?word=&fr=ps01000" wdfield="word" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'map'})">地图</a><a href="http://wenku.baidu.com/search?word=&lm=0&od=0&ie=utf-8" wdfield="word" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'wenku'})">文库</a><a href="//www.baidu.com/more/" onmousedown="return c({'fm':'tab','tab':'more'})">更多»</a>
</div>
<div class="qrcodeCon">
<div id="qrcode">
<div class="qrcode-item qrcode-item-1">
<div class="qrcode-img"></div>
<div class="qrcode-text">
<p><b>手机百度</b></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftCon">
<div class="ftCon-Wrapper"><div id="ftConw"><p id="lh"><a id="setf" href="//www.baidu.com/cache/sethelp/help.html" onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'favorites','pos':0})" target="_blank">把百度设为主页</a><a onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_about'})" href="http://home.baidu.com">关于百度</a><a onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_about_en'})" href="http://ir.baidu.com">About Baidu</a><a onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_tuiguang'})" href="http://e.baidu.com/?refer=888">百度推广</a></p><p id="cp">©2017 Baidu <a href="http://www.baidu.com/duty/" onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_duty'})">使用百度前必读</a> <a href="http://jianyi.baidu.com/" class="cp-feedback" onmousedown="return ns_c({'fm':'behs','tab':'tj_homefb'})">意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号 <i class="c-icon-icrlogo"></i> <a id="jgwab" target="_blank" href="http://www.beian.gov.cn/portal/registerSystemInfo?recordcode=11000002000001">京公网安备11000002000001号</a> <i class="c-icon-jgwablogo"></i></p></div></div></div>
<div id="wrapper_wrapper">
</div>
</div>
<div class="c-tips-container" id="c-tips-container"></div>
<script>
window.__async_strategy=2;
//window.__switch_add_mask=false;
</script>
<script>
var bds={
se:{},
su:{
urdata:[],
urSendClick:function(){}
},
util:{},
use:{},
comm : {
domain:"http://www.baidu.com",
ubsurl : "http://sclick.baidu.com/w.gif",
tn:"baidu",
queryEnc:"",
queryId:"",
inter:"",
templateName:"",
sugHost : "http://suggestion.baidu.com/su",
query : "",
qid : "d8ad1b97000b425e",
cid : "0",
sid : "22164_1423_21099_18559_17001_20927",
indexSid : "22164_1423_21099_18559_17001_20927",
stoken : "",
serverTime : "1490198183",
user : "",
username : "",
userid : "0",
loginAction : [],
useFavo : "",
pinyin : "",
favoOn : "",
cookie : null,
userAgent : "ZhwClientAgent1.0",
curResultNum:"0",
rightResultExist:false,
protectNum:0,
zxlNum:0,
pageNum:1,
pageSize:10,
newindex:0,
async:2,
maxPreloadThread:5,
maxPreloadTimes:10,
preloadMouseMoveDistance:5,
switchAddMask:false,
isDebug:false,
ishome : 1,
flagTranslateResult:0,
globalLogFlag:0
,encTn:'65377Kx/reKB1MmObFICC29l+4NXRyUXUV5S1vvC05Wje71VWd3Ip1FyF6M' }
};
//防止从结果页打开的页面中通过opener.xxx来影响百度页面
var name,navigate,al_arr=[];
var selfOpen = window.open;eval("var open = selfOpen;");
var isIE=navigator.userAgent.indexOf("MSIE")!=-1&&!window.opera;
var E = bds.ecom= {};
bds.se.mon = {'loadedItems':[],'load':function(){},'srvt':-1};
try {
bds.se.mon.srvt = parseInt(document.cookie.match(new RegExp("(^| )BDSVRTM=([^;]*)(;|$)"))[2]);
document.cookie="BDSVRTM=;expires=Sat, 01 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT";
}catch(e){}
//兼容之前一些变量
var
bdUser = bds.comm.user?bds.comm.user:null,
bdQuery = bds.comm.query,
bdUseFavo = bds.comm.useFavo,
bdFavoOn = bds.comm.favoOn,
bdCid = bds.comm.cid,
bdSid = bds.comm.sid,
bdServerTime = bds.comm.serverTime,
bdQid = bds.comm.queryId,
bdstoken = bds.comm.stoken,
login_success = [];
</script>
<script>
/* https域名转换工具 */
bds.util.domain = (function(){
var list = {
"graph.baidu.com": "http://graph.baidu.com",
"p.qiao.baidu.com":"http://p.qiao.baidu.com",
"vse.baidu.com":"http://vse.baidu.com",
"hdpreload.baidu.com":"http://hdpreload.baidu.com",
"lcr.open.baidu.com":"http://lcr.open.baidu.com",
"kankan.baidu.com":"http://kankan.baidu.com",
"xapp.baidu.com":"http://xapp.baidu.com",
"dr.dh.baidu.com":"http://dr.dh.baidu.com",
"xiaodu.baidu.com":"http://xiaodu.baidu.com",
"sensearch.baidu.com":"http://sensearch.baidu.com",
"s1.bdstatic.com":"http://s1.bdstatic.com",
"olime.baidu.com":"http://olime.baidu.com",
"app.baidu.com":"http://app.baidu.com",
"i.baidu.com":"http://i.baidu.com",
"c.baidu.com":"http://c.baidu.com",
"sclick.baidu.com":"http://sclick.baidu.com",
"nsclick.baidu.com":"http://nsclick.baidu.com",
"sestat.baidu.com":"http://sestat.baidu.com",
"eclick.baidu.com":"http://eclick.baidu.com",
"api.map.baidu.com":"http://api.map.baidu.com",
"ecma.bdimg.com":"http://ecma.bdimg.com",
"ecmb.bdimg.com":"http://ecmb.bdimg.com",
"t1.baidu.com":"http://t1.baidu.com",
"t2.baidu.com":"http://t2.baidu.com",
"t3.baidu.com":"http://t3.baidu.com",
"t10.baidu.com":"http://t10.baidu.com",
"t11.baidu.com":"http://t11.baidu.com",
"t12.baidu.com":"http://t12.baidu.com",
"i7.baidu.com":"http://i7.baidu.com",
"i8.baidu.com":"http://i8.baidu.com",
"i9.baidu.com":"http://i9.baidu.com",
"b1.bdstatic.com":"http://b1.bdstatic.com",
"ss.bdimg.com":"http://ss.bdimg.com",
"opendata.baidu.com":"http://opendata.baidu.com",
"api.open.baidu.com":"http://api.open.baidu.com",
"tag.baidu.com":"http://tag.baidu.com",
"f3.baidu.com":"http://f3.baidu.com",
"s.share.baidu.com":"http://s.share.baidu.com",
"bdimg.share.baidu.com":"http://bdimg.share.baidu.com",
"1.su.bdimg.com":"http://1.su.bdimg.com",
"2.su.bdimg.com":"http://2.su.bdimg.com",
"3.su.bdimg.com":"http://3.su.bdimg.com",
"4.su.bdimg.com":"http://4.su.bdimg.com",
"5.su.bdimg.com":"http://5.su.bdimg.com",
"6.su.bdimg.com":"http://6.su.bdimg.com",
"7.su.bdimg.com":"http://7.su.bdimg.com",
"8.su.bdimg.com":"http://8.su.bdimg.com"
};
var get = function(url) {
if(location.protocol === "http") {
return url;
}
var reg = /^(http[s]?:\/\/)?([^\/]+)(.*)/,
matches = url.match(reg);
/* 判断传入参数是域名还是地址，分别做处理 */
url = list.hasOwnProperty(matches[2])&&(list[matches[2]] + matches[3]) || url;
return url;
},
set = function(kdomain,vdomain) {
list[kdomain] = vdomain;
};
return {
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wrapper.show();
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initPreload({
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</body>
</html>
异常处理
实例一
from urllib import request, error
try:
response = request.urlopen('http://cuiqingcai.com/index.htm')
except error.URLError as e:
print(e.reason)
运行结果
Not Found
实例二
from urllib import request, error
try:
response = request.urlopen('http://cuiqingcai.com/index.htm')
except error.HTTPError as e:
print(e.reason, e.code, e.headers, sep='\n')
except error.URLError as e:
print(e.reason)
else:
print('Request Successfully')
运行结果
1 Not Found 2 404 3 Server: nginx/1.10.1 4 Date: Wed, 22 Mar 2017 15:59:55 GMT 5 Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 6 Transfer-Encoding: chunked 7 Connection: close 8 Vary: Cookie 9 Expires: Wed, 11 Jan 1984 05:00:00 GMT 10 Cache-Control: no-cache, must-revalidate, max-age=0 11 Link: <http://cuiqingcai.com/wp-json/>; rel="https://api.w.org/"
实例三
import socket
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
try:
response = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.baidu.com', timeout=0.01)
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
print(type(e.reason))
if isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout):
print('TIME OUT')
运行结果
<class 'socket.timeout'> TIME OUT
URL解析
urlparse
urllib.parse.urlparse(urlstring, scheme='', allow_fragments=True)
实例一
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment')
print(type(result), result)
运行结果
<class 'urllib.parse.ParseResult'> ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/index.html', params='user', query='id=5', fragment='comment')
实例二
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment', scheme='https')
print(result)
运行结果
ParseResult(scheme='https', netloc='', path='www.baidu.com/index.html', params='user', query='id=5', fragment='comment')
实例三
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment', scheme='https')
print(result)
运行结果
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/index.html', params='user', query='id=5', fragment='comment')
实例四
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment', allow_fragments=False)
print(result)
运行结果
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/index.html', params='user', query='id=5#comment', fragment='')
实例五
from urllib.parse import urlparse
result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html#comment', allow_fragments=False)
print(result)
运行结果
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.baidu.com', path='/index.html#comment', params='', query='', fragment='')
urlunparse
实例一
from urllib.parse import urlunparse data = ['http', 'www.baidu.com', 'index.html', 'user', 'a=6', 'comment'] print(urlunparse(data))
运行结果
http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?a=6#comment
urljoin
实例一
from urllib.parse import urljoin
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com', 'FAQ.html'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com/about.html', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com/about.html', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html?question=2'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com?wd=abc', 'https://cuiqingcai.com/index.php'))
print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com', '?category=2#comment'))
print(urljoin('www.baidu.com', '?category=2#comment'))
print(urljoin('www.baidu.com#comment', '?category=2'))
运行结果
http://www.baidu.com/FAQ.html https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html https://cuiqingcai.com/FAQ.html?question=2 https://cuiqingcai.com/index.php http://www.baidu.com?category=2#comment www.baidu.com?category=2#comment www.baidu.com?category=2
urlencode
实例一
from urllib.parse import urlencode
params = {
'name': 'germey',
'age': 22
}
base_url = 'http://www.baidu.com?'
url = base_url + urlencode(params)
print(url)
运行结果
http://www.baidu.com?name=germey&age=22
