MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.7th ed.New York:MLA,2009.print.
还有一本，留待阅读
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing.3rd ed.New York:MLA, 2008.print.
1 .总结
区分文章内容：
著，your ideas/words;
述, your summaries and paraphrases of others'ideas and facts;
引, quotation
研究步骤：
1. 查阅文献
2. 文献编纂
3. 做笔记
4. 写大纲
关于参考文献，以“债”、“借”比喻研究前后继承关系，很新颖，很有启发。
研究中要能assimilate, synthesize, 并且articulate。
2. 摘抄
you will direct your readers to the sources you consulted in arriving at your
findings, and you will enable them to build on your work.(xiii)
The MLA Handbook explains how to identify a topic and develop it through
research.(xvii)
We undertake research when we wish to explore an idea, probe an issue, solve
a problem, or make an argument in relation to what others have written(3).
secondary research...learning to identify and analyze the work of other
researchers will play a major role in your development as a student. The sorts
of activities that constitue a research paper--discovering, assessing, and
assimilating others' research and then articulating your own ideas clearly and
persuasively--are at the center of the educational experience(3).
shape your thinking...the main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the
work of others but to assimilate and to build on it and to arrive at your own
understanding of the subject(4).
WorldCat... Reference Universe... Dissertation Abstracts International(10-12).
keep track of sources that you may use for your paper. a record of such sources
is called a working bibliography(31).
bibliographic information is essential to researching and writing the paper...
be sure to enter all the publication information...(that)required to locate each
work(32).
Eventually, you will transform your working bibliography into a working cited
list(33).
EVALUATING SOURCES...Focus particularly on the authority, accuracy, and currency
of the sources you use....Readers comment on such matters as the importance of
the subject, the originality and soundness of the argument, the accuracy of the
facts, and the currency of the research(33-34).
When considering any resources, be sure at least one date is assigned to it(37).
时效很重要。
note-taking is essential to research,...(38)
Types of Note-Taking...Summary. Paraphrase. Quotation(39).
try to be both thorough and concise...not only...direct quotation but also...
summarizing and paraphrasing authors' ideas(40).
developing an outline can help you to see the logical progression of your
argument(41).
Try out different possibilities...Two factors are important to the shaping of a
thesis statement--your purpose and your audience...describe...explain...argue...
persuade...resist these remptations(inclusion of irrelevant or repetitive
material)...lead your readers to care about your investigation, your
presentation, and your conclusions(43).
A complex society that depends on well-informed citizens strives to maitain
high standards of quality and reliability for documents that are publicly
circulated and used in govement, business, industry, the professions, higher
education, and the media(52).
incompetent--incapable...dishonest, willing to deceive others for personal
gain....The serious consequences of plagiarism reflect the value the public
places on trustworthy information....tie between our writting and our sense of
self...a personal voice(53).
cite their sources and to mark the passages they quote(54).
The purpose of a research pater is to synthesize previous research and
scholarship with your ideas on the subject....but the material you borrow must
not be presented as if it were your own creation(55).
take the title from the title page(86).
an original thinker...a skillful writer....The accuracy of quotation in research
writing is extremely important(92).
If the translation is not yours, give its source in addition to the source of
the quotation(104).
指出翻译“源”
all research builds on previous research....In presenting their work,researchers
gererously acknowledge theri debts to predecessors by carefully documenting each
sources, so that earlier contributions receive appropriate credit and readers
can evaluate the basis for claims and conclusions....And whenever your draw on
another's work, you must also document your source by indicating what you
borrowed--whether facts, opinions, or quotations--and where you borrowed it
from(126).
关于参考文献，以“债”、“借”比喻研究前后继承关系，很新颖，很有启发。
Cited only the sources you have consulted directly(126).
in the sciences, where timeliness of research is crucial, the date of
publication is usually given prominence(127).
自然科学研究中时效很重要。
provenance:the place that sth originally came from(Oxford Dict).
In building an entry, you should know which elements to look for in the source
(129).
fully identifies your source to readers(130).
alphabetize entries in the list of works cited by the author's last name(131).
Treat the published proceedings of a conference like a book,...(177).
Inclusion of URL has proved to have limited value(182).
insert a brief parenthetical acknowledgement in your paper wherever you
incorporate another's words, facts, or ideas....References in the text must
clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited(214).
Identify the location of the borrowed information as specifically as
possible(215).
