IDisposable?释放非托管资源接口

 原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/luminji/archive/2011/03/29/1997812.html

IDisposable高级篇:https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/standard/garbage-collection/implementing-dispose

需要明确一下C#程序(或者说.NET)中的资源。简单的说来,C#中的每一个类型都代表一种资源,而资源又分为两类:

托管资源:由CLR管理分配和释放的资源,即由CLR里new出来的对象;

非托管资源:不受CLR管理的对象,windows内核对象,如文件、数据库连接、套接字、COM对象、stream 流等;IDisposable仅当类型直接使用非托管资源时,才应实现

毫无例外地,如果我们的类型使用到了非托管资源,或者需要显式释放的托管资源,那么,就需要让类型继承接口IDisposable。这相当于是告诉调用者,该类型是需要显式释放资源的,你需要调用我的Dispose方法。IDisposable接口:定义一种释放分配的资源的方法。

 

 

一、IDisposable的接口定义如下

 

public interface IDisposable
{
    // Summary:
    //     Performs application-defined tasks associated with freeing, releasing, or
    //     resetting unmanaged resources.
    void Dispose();
}

 

using 语句定义一个范围,在此范围的末尾将释放非托管资源对象。

二:IDisposable基本应用

 

1.下面的示例演示如何创建实现接口的资源类 IDisposable

 

using System;
using System.ComponentModel;

// The following example demonstrates how to create
// a resource class that implements the IDisposable interface
// and the IDisposable.Dispose method.

public class DisposeExample
{
    // A base class that implements IDisposable.
    // By implementing IDisposable, you are announcing that
    // instances of this type allocate scarce resources.
    public class MyResource: IDisposable
    {
        // Pointer to an external unmanaged resource.
        private IntPtr handle;
        // Other managed resource this class uses.
        private Component component = new Component();
        // Track whether Dispose has been called.
        private bool disposed = false;

        // The class constructor.
        public MyResource(IntPtr handle)
        {
            this.handle = handle;
        }

        // Implement IDisposable.
        // Do not make this method virtual.
        // A derived class should not be able to override this method.
        public void Dispose()
        {
            Dispose(true);
            // This object will be cleaned up by the Dispose method.
            // Therefore, you should call GC.SupressFinalize to
            // take this object off the finalization queue
            // and prevent finalization code for this object
            // from executing a second time.
            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);//通知垃圾回收器不再调用终结器
        }
//Dispose 方法执行所有对象清理,使垃圾回收器不再需要调用对象的 Object.Finalize 重写。 因此,调用 SuppressFinalize 方法会阻止垃圾回收器运行终结器。 如果类型没有终结器,则对 GC.SuppressFinalize 的调用不起作用。 请注意,实际清除由 Dispose(bool) 方法重载执行。
        
        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            // Check to see if Dispose has already been called.
            if(!this.disposed)
            {
                // If disposing equals true, dispose all managed
                // and unmanaged resources.
                if(disposing)
                {
                    // Dispose managed resources.
                    component.Dispose();
                }

                // Call the appropriate methods to clean up
                // unmanaged resources here.
                // If disposing is false,
                // only the following code is executed.
                CloseHandle(handle);
                handle = IntPtr.Zero;

                // Note disposing has been done.
                disposed = true;
            }
        }

        // Use interop to call the method necessary
        // to clean up the unmanaged resource.
        [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("Kernel32")]
        private extern static Boolean CloseHandle(IntPtr handle);

        // Use C# destructor syntax for finalization code.
        // This destructor will run only if the Dispose method
        // does not get called.
        // It gives your base class the opportunity to finalize.
        // Do not provide destructors in types derived from this class.
//~MyResource()是析构函数,这边是假设使用非托管代码时候忘记释放资源,才会用到析构函数释放资源。析构函数本身就是负释非托管放资源的,因此不用再使用Dispose()函数再释放一次资源,因此给传给Dispose false参数。

~MyResource() { // Do not re-create Dispose clean-up code here. // Calling Dispose(false) is optimal in terms of // readability and maintainability. Dispose(false);//用到终结器 就是说以忘记了调用Dispose(true)释放资源了。Dispose(false)= Dispose(忘记)


} }
public static void Main() { // Insert code here to create // and use the MyResource object. } }

 

 

2、两种方式来调用

 第一种:使用using 语句,则可以使用它,而无需显式调用 IDisposable.Dispose 自己。
using语句实际上是语法糖。 在编译时,语言编译器将为块实现中间语言 (IL) try / finally 。

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

public class WordCount
{
   private String filename = String.Empty;
   private int nWords = 0;
   private String pattern = @"\b\w+\b";

   public WordCount(string filename)
   {
      if (! File.Exists(filename))
         throw new FileNotFoundException("The file does not exist.");

      this.filename = filename;
      string txt = String.Empty;
      using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(filename)) {
         txt = sr.ReadToEnd();
      }
nWords
= Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count; } public string FullName { get { return filename; } } public string Name { get { return Path.GetFileName(filename); } } public int Count { get { return nWords; } } }
//C#8.0以后 using var StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(filename);//表示在函数范围结束前调用Dispose()释放非托管资源
static int WriteLinesToFile(IEnumerable<string> lines)
{
    using var file = new System.IO.StreamWriter("WriteLines2.txt");
    int skippedLines = 0;
    foreach (string line in lines)
    {
        if (!line.Contains("Second"))
        {
            file.WriteLine(line);
        }
        else
        {
            skippedLines++;
        }
    }
    // Notice how skippedLines is in scope here.
    return skippedLines;
    // file is disposed here
}

 

 

第二种: try / finally显示的释放资源

 

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

public class WordCount
{
   private String filename = String.Empty;
   private int nWords = 0;
   private String pattern = @"\b\w+\b";

   public WordCount(string filename)
   {
      if (! File.Exists(filename))
         throw new FileNotFoundException("The file does not exist.");

      this.filename = filename;
      string txt = String.Empty;
      StreamReader sr = null;
      try {
         sr = new StreamReader(filename);
         txt = sr.ReadToEnd();
      }
      finally {
         if (sr != null) sr.Dispose();
      }
      nWords = Regex.Matches(txt, pattern).Count;
   }

   public string FullName
   { get { return filename; } }

   public string Name
   { get { return Path.GetFileName(filename); } }

   public int Count
   { get { return nWords; } }
}

出现无法无法调用的情况 Dispose

若要处理其无法调用的情况 Dispose ,您应该使用从派生的类 SafeHandle 来包装非托管资源,或者您应该 Object.Finalize  (析构函数)为引用类型重写方法。 在任一情况下,使用方法可以在 Dispose 使用非托管资源(例如释放、释放或重置非托管资源)后执行任何需要的清理。

 

 

 IDisposable 和继承层次结构

 //注意:基类型不应包括任何Finalize终结器 (析构函数)

具有应可释放的子类的基类必须 IDisposable 按如下方式实现。 IDisposable sealed Visual Basic) 中未 (的任何类型上实现时,应该使用此模式 NotInheritable

  • 它应提供一个公共、非虚拟 Dispose() 方法和受保护的虚拟 Dispose(Boolean disposing) 方法。

  • Dispose()方法必须调用 Dispose(true) ,并且应禁止终止以提高性能。

  • 基类型不应包括任何终结器。

下面的代码段反映了基类的释放模式。 它假定您的类型不重写 Object.Finalize 方法。

 

using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

class BaseClass : IDisposable
{
   // Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
   bool disposed = false;
   // Instantiate a SafeHandle instance.
   SafeHandle handle = new SafeFileHandle(IntPtr.Zero, true);

   // Public implementation of Dispose pattern callable by consumers.
   public void Dispose()
   {
      Dispose(true);
      GC.SuppressFinalize(this);//通知垃圾回收器不再调用终结器
   }

   // Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
   protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
   {
      if (disposed)
         return;

      if (disposing) {
         handle.Dispose();
         // Free any other managed objects here.
         //
      }

      disposed = true;
   }
}

子类应实现以下可释放模式:

  • 它们必须重写 Dispose(Boolean) 并调用基类 Dispose(Boolean) 实现。

  • 如果需要,他们可以提供终结器。 终结器必须调用 Dispose(false)

请注意,派生类本身并不实现 IDisposable 接口,并且不包含无参数 Dispose 方法。 它们仅重写基类 Dispose(Boolean) 方法。

下面的代码段反映派生类的释放模式。 它假定您的类型不重写 Object.Finalize 方法。

using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{
   // Flag: Has Dispose already been called?
   bool disposed = false;
   // Instantiate a SafeHandle instance.
   SafeHandle handle = new SafeFileHandle(IntPtr.Zero, true);

   // Protected implementation of Dispose pattern.
   protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
   {
      if (disposed)
         return;

      if (disposing) {
         handle.Dispose();
         // Free any other managed objects here.
         //
      }

      // Free any unmanaged objects here.
      //

      disposed = true;
      // Call base class implementation.
      base.Dispose(disposing);
   }
}

 

posted @ 2021-09-19 01:05  小林野夫  阅读(184)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/cdaniu/