sudo配置文件(/etc/sudoers)详解

## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
##Sudoers运行特定用户作为root用户运行各种命令，而不需要root的密码
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
## users or groups.
##在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例，这些示例都可以被特定用户或组所使用
## 
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
##该文件必须使用"visudo"命令来编辑,直接`vim /etc/sudoers`编辑会警告“W10: Warning: Changing a readonly file”.

## Host Aliases
##主机别名
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using 
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
##可以使用主机名或IP地址
# Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2

## User Aliases
##用户别名
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname 
## rather than USERALIAS
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem


## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...
##命令别名示例

## Networking
#网络操作相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig, /sbin/mii-tool

## Installation and management of software
##软件的安装和管理命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum

## Services
##服务相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig

## Updating the locate database
##本地数据库升级命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb

## Storage
##磁盘相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount

## Delegating permissions
##代理权限相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp 

## Processes
#进程相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall

## Drivers
##驱动相关命令别名
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe

# Defaults specification
##环境变量的相关配置
#
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear. 
#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
#
Defaults    requiretty

#
# Preserving HOME has security implications since many programs
# use it when searching for configuration files. 
#
Defaults    always_set_home

Defaults    env_reset
Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"

#
# Adding HOME to env_keep may enable a user to run unrestricted
# commands via sudo.
#
# Defaults   env_keep += "HOME"

Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on 
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
##下面是规则配置：什么用户在哪些服务器上可以执行哪些命令(sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享)
## Syntax:
##语法：
##
## user	MACHINE=COMMANDS
##  用户    登录的主机=可以执行的命令
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
##命令部分可以附带一些其他的选项
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere 
##允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令
##
root	ALL=(ALL) 	ALL
##test	ALL=(ALL)	/usr/bin/yum
##test用户 所有主机可登录   可以yum安装软件
##
## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software, 
## service management apps and more.
##允许sys中用户组中的用户使用networking,software,service等所有别名中配置的命令
##
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS

## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
##允许whell用户组中的所有用户执行所有命令
##
# %wheel	ALL=(ALL)	ALL

## Same thing without a password
##允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户密码使用所有命令
# %wheel	ALL=(ALL)	NOPASSWD: ALL

## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the 
## cdrom as root
##允许users用户组中的用户以root用户的身份进行光盘的挂载、卸载
#
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom

## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
##允许users用户组中的用户关闭系统
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now