类3导入类-python进阶篇八
随着你不断地给类添加功能,文件可能变得很长,即便你妥善地使用了继承亦如此。为遵循Python的总体理念,应让文件尽可能整洁。为在这方面提供帮助,Python允许你将类存储在模块中,然后在主程序中导入所需的模块。
1、导入单个类。
car.py
"""一个可用于表示汽车的类""" class Car(): """一次模拟汽车的简单尝试""" def __init__(self, make, model, year): """初始化描述汽车的属性""" self.make = make self.model = model self.year = year self.odometer_reading = 0 def get_descriptive_name(self): """返回整洁的描述性名称""" long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model return long_name.title() def read_odometer(self): """打印一条消息,指出汽车的里程""" print("This car has " + str(self.odometer_reading) + " miles on it.") def update_odometer(self, mileage): """ 将里程表读数设置为指定的值 拒绝将里程表往回拨 """ if mileage >= self.odometer_reading: self.odometer_reading = mileage else: print("You can't roll back an odometer!") def increment_odometer(self, miles): """将里程表读数增加指定的量""" self.odometer_reading += miles class Battery(): """一次模拟电动汽车电瓶的简单尝试""" def __init__(self, battery_size=60): """初始化电瓶的属性""" self.battery_size = battery_size def describe_battery(self): """打印一条描述电瓶容量的消息""" print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.") def get_range(self): """打印一条描述电瓶续航里程的消息""" if self.battery_size == 70: range = 240 elif self.battery_size == 85: range = 270 message = "This car can go approximately " + str(range) message += " miles on a full charge." print(message) class ElectricCar(Car): """模拟电动汽车的独特之处""" def __init__(self, make, model, year): #初始化父类的属性,再初始化电动汽车特有的属性 super().__init__(make, model, year) self.battery = Battery()
下面来创建另一个文件——my_car.py,在其中导入Car 类并创建其实例:
from car import Car #导入类模块 my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016) print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name()) my_new_car.odometer_reading = 23 my_new_car.read_odometer() ''' 2016 Audi A4 This car has 23 miles on it. '''
再新建一个名为my_electric_car.py的文件,导入ElectricCar 类,并创建一辆电动汽车了:
from car import ElectricCar #导入类模块 my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'model s', 2016) print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name()) my_tesla.battery.describe_battery() my_tesla.battery.get_range() ''' 2016 Tesla Model S This car has a 70-kWh battery. This car can go approximately 240 miles on a full charge. '''
2、从一个模块中导入多个类。
处从一个模块中导入多个类时,用逗号分隔了各个类。
from car import Car, ElectricCar #导入多个类 my_beetle = Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016) print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name()) my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016) print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name()) ''' 2016 Volkswagen Beetle 2016 Tesla Roadster '''
3、导入整个模块。
你还可以导入整个模块,再使用句点表示法访问需要的类。这种导入方法很简单,代码也易于阅读。由于创建类实例的代码都包含模块名,因此不会与当前文件使用的任何名称发生冲突。
import car my_beetle = car.Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016) print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name()) my_tesla = car.ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016) print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())
4、导入模块中所有的类
from car import * my_beetle = Car('volkswagen', 'beetle', 2016) print(my_beetle.get_descriptive_name()) my_tesla = ElectricCar('tesla', 'roadster', 2016) print(my_tesla.get_descriptive_name())