python的元类编程

廖雪峰的python教程有python元类编程示例,综合代码如下

https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000/0014319106919344c4ef8b1e04c48778bb45796e0335839000#0

class Field(object):
    def __init__(self, name, column_type):
        self.name = name
        self.column_type = column_type
    def __str__(self):
        return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)

class StringField(Field):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')

class IntegerField(Field):
    def __init__(self, name):
        super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')

class ModelMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        if name=='Model':
            return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)
        #print('cls = %s' % cls)
        #print('name = %s' % name)
        #print('bases = %s' % bases)
        #print('attrs = %s' % attrs)
        print('Found model: %s' % name)
        mappings = dict()
        for k, v in attrs.items():if isinstance(v, Field):
                print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))
                mappings[k] = vfor k in mappings.keys():
            #attrs基本就是可以通过类的__dict__属性得到
            attrs.pop(k)
        print(attrs)
        attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系
        attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class Model(dict, metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
    def __init__(self, **kw):
        super(Model, self).__init__(**kw)
    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(r"'Model' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)
    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self[key] = value
    def save(self):
        fields = []
        params = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            fields.append(v.name)
            params.append('?')
            args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
        sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(params))
        print('SQL: %s' % sql)
        print('ARGS: %s' % str(args))

class User(Model):
    # 定义类的属性到列的映射:
    id = IntegerField('id')
    name = StringField('username')
    email = StringField('email')
    password = StringField('password')

u = User(id=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
u.save()

完整的代码如上,运行时函数的调用如下。

1、u = User(xxxxx)进行User类的实例化

2、实例化User类的时候,调用User的__init__,未显式实现,则调用父类的__init__

3、在父类Model发现了父类有metaclass=ModelMetaclass

4、去执行ModelMetaclass的__new__

5、在__new__中,ModelMetaclass可以访问到类的(注意,是类的,而不是类实例的)name、bases、attr,从而进行操作实现类的动态修改

此处,attr可以发现User类的类变量(不是类实例变量)id、name、email、password,在外部,这些类变量可以由User.__dict__接触到

6、执行__new__的代码中,有一个从attr中pop某些key的过程,因为如果不pop掉这些key,会导致运行时类变量覆盖掉类实例的变量,得到不期望的结果

7、执行__new__的过程中,User类动态生成了__mapping__和__table__属性

8、完成__new__的执行后,再进行Model.__init__,然后是User.__init__,完成实例化

 

 

为什么在这种情况下要进行元类编程呢?有什么好处呢?

posted @ 2018-03-29 14:42  猫薄荷喂狗  阅读(230)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报