2015.06.15,学习,读书笔记-《语法俱乐部》学习笔记

第一篇先介绍简单句,从基本句型切入。第二篇探讨的是复句和合句。第三篇的简化从句又建立在第二篇复句、合句的基础上。

 

第一章:基本句型及补语

提出了五种基本句型:

  1. S+V,主语+动词
  2. S+V+O,主语+动词+宾语
  3. S+V+C,主语+动词+补语
  4. S+V+O+O,主语+动词+宾语+宾语
  5. S+V+O+C,主语+动词+宾语+补语

笔记:

  • 像die这种可以独立发生、不牵涉别的人或物,这种动词叫做不及物动词;像kill这种动作,必须发生在另一个对象身上,叫做及物动词,后面通常必须跟着一个宾语来接受这个动作。
  • 系动词be后面接的是补语。像John was a soldier,我以前会误以为a soldier是宾语,实际上是补语。其他类似的词语有look、seem、sound、prove、turn、make、become等。有个小实验,这些类似的词语都可以替换成系动词be,句子的意义和句型都没有太大的变化。
  • 所谓的S+V+O+C句型,其实O+C之间有个暗示的系动词be存在。如I find the dress pretty,这也是检验S+V+O+C句型最简便的方法,把宾语和补语拿出来,中间加上be系动词,看看能不能变成S+V+C句型。
  • 对S+V+O+O结构,His father gave him a dog,后面的O+O就无法变成he is a dog,所以是S+V+O+O而不是S+V+O+C结构。而His father called him a dog,则是S+V+O+C结构。

 

第二章 名词短语与冠词

 笔记:

  • 从语源学的角度,冠词a(n)可以视为one一字的弱化结果。如果后面的名字不适合以”一个“来交代,也就是不适合加a(n)的话,就可以把限定词这个位置空下来。如Unmarried men are a rare species these days。除复数外,抽象名词如honesty、bribery没有具体形态不能用”一个“来表示;物质名词如water、food形状不固定,也不能以”一个“来表示,这些不能用a(n)表示的词语就可以把限定词省略。
  • 专有名词如人名、地名,通常不加a(n),也不用限定词。放在补语位置的专有名词,如果主语是专有名词,且当补语也具有”唯一“的性质时,则补语可以当做专有名词使用。如Mr.Elson was president of the high school。Mr.Elson是专有名词,这所高中的校长却不止Elson一人,但此句中校长是Elson先生的补语,可以与Elson先生划上等号,可以用专有名词来诠释它。而且当时的这所高中的校长的确只有Elson先生一人。
  • 在语源学上,定冠词the可以视为that或those的弱化形式,因此,凡是上下文中有明指或暗指时,也就是有”那个“的指示功能时,就要用定冠词the。
  • 专有名词指只有一个对象存在的名词,如GenghisKhan和Taibei,所以不能加the。像the Pacific、the Titanic这种,作者认为只是普通名词省略了sea、ship而已,跟专有名词无关。

 

第四章 不定式短语

 笔记:

  • 不定式与助动词其实是同一种东西的相互变化,凡是不定式出现的地方,都可以看成是另外一个从句的省略,把主语省略,助动词改成不定式。如must-have to、should-ought to、will-be going to、can-be able to、may-be likely to。
  • 不定式带有不确定的语气,这一点来决定用不定式还是动名词。
  • plan:They plan to marry next month,即They plan that they will marry next month。
  • avoid,I avoid making the same mistake. avoid是避免、否定的意思,避免”将来要做“的话,含义就变得不清楚。
  • hate,I hate to say this, you are wrong。意思是I hate but I have to say this,助动词变化的形式。
  • like/dislike,I like to be the first,即I like I can be的助动词变化版;I dislike standing in long lines,不能用I dislike I will/must stand,属于否定意义,用动名词。
  • the teacher asked the girl to stay behind, 用的是不定式,表示不确定的语气,如果是The teacher made the girl stay behind,使役动词表示强制性,不用不定式,类似的还有had、let、have等。
  • 总体而言,如果能加上助动词的,包括不确定语气的,就可以用不定式

 

第五章 动名词

笔记:

  • 动名词的主语与主要从句的主语不同时,要想省略的话,用所有格的形式保留。如I don't like that John calls my girlfriend everyday,改为I don't like John's calling my girlfriend everyday.
  • 精简宾语从句的时候,I enjoyed that I was teaching English to school children at night,后面只能用to teach或者teaching,由于无法替换为助动词形式和不确定语气,只能用持续进行的语气,也就是I enjoyed teaching English to school children at night。
  • 如果是被动语态,如That I was invited here is a great honor,省略后不能用invited here is ...,所以要么改成the invitation或者being invited here...
  • 判断一个形容词是动名词还是现在分词,如the flying bird和the flying jacket,只需要把形容词放到补语位置验证,如果可以则是现在分词,即the bird is flying,如果是动名词,则可以放到介系词后面,如a jacket for flying。

 

第六章 分词

笔记:

  • 这本书里把分词都当做形容词。现在分词A barking dog doesn't bite,即the dog is barking,有正在进行的暗示;过去分词Boiled water is safe to drink,即the water is boiled,有完成的暗示。
  • 有一个容易混淆的地方,如disappoint、satisfy、excit、scare、terrify等等,改用现在分词还是过去分词,可以还原一下,His score disappoint him,所以He做主语时变成He is disappointed at his scores;而His scores做主语时就变成了His scores are disappointing。
  • 形容词从句的简化。Toys made in Taiwan are much better now,即Toys which are made in Taiwan are much better now;Children living in orphanages make a lot of friends,即Children who are living in orphanages的简化。
  • being+过去分词。如The vase being auctioned now is a Ming China,这里的being auctioned是which is being auctioned的简化,如果没有being,则为The vase auctioned now is a Ming China,则有”完成“的暗示,没有”正在拍卖“的意思。
  • having+过去分词。Having finished the day's work, the secretary went home.这里的简化为After She had finished the day's work, 由于主语相同,可以省略。

 

第七章 形容词

笔记:

  • 形容词修饰名词,副词修饰名词之外的词。
  • 名词转成形容词,可以当做复合名词。如a pencil shapener,a cigarette box,一旦中间的名词转化为形容词,就没有复数
  • 复合词形容词。如a five-year-old child、a 100-watt light bulb,这时中间的短语必须去掉复数形式
  • 多个形容词的顺序。越是不可变的、客观的要越靠近名词,越是可变的、临时的、主观的越要远离名词,如a bloody old black Italian leather glove。
  • 比较级。单音节词语很短,直接在词尾变化;三音节形容词很长,分成more、most,两音节形容词,如果词尾是典型形容词词尾,有标识词类的功能,则应保留词尾不变,加more、most,如loving、more loving、most loving;active、more active、most active。
  • 如果-y结尾,先变成-i,再加词尾变化。如happy:happier、happiest。
  • 通常最高级前要加the,当然这个是需要根据形容词后的名词走的。

 

第八章 副词

笔记:

  • 通常副词放在动词后面;但如果后面由宾语补语之类容易引起歧义的时候,可以放在动词前面。
  • 副词也有比较级,典型结尾-ly的,在判断两个音节的副词比较级时,加more、most来变化,如more sweetly、most sweetly。

 

第九章 语气

笔记:

  • 同时叙述两件未来的事情时,且两者有时间或条件关联时,往往其中一件要改为现在时,因为两件都不确定,必须假定一件是事实,在这个事实的基础上,再推论另一件,例如I'll be ready when he comes. If you are late again, you'll be fired.
  • 假设语气是一种说反话的语气,表示所说的话与事实相反,这种语气用动词的过去时态作为表达“非事实”的手段。现在时间的例子:If I were you, I wouldn't do it. 过去时间的例子:If I had known earlier, I might have done something.因为时间本来就是过去,所以要表示过去的非事实语气,就必须用过去完成形。 未来时间的例子:If an asteroid should hit the earth, man could die out.未来的事情且可能性很低,用过去形式但不表示过去式的should hit来表示。如果表示绝无可能发生的事情:If I were to take the bribe, I could never look at other people in the eye again.用be going to的过去形态were to来表示未来也绝不会做,如果用should语气比较松动,表示应无可能发生,但不排除万一。 

 

第十章 介系词

笔记:

  • 通常可以将空间的介词分为点(at)、线(on、along)、面(on)、体(in);
  • 时间的介词分为点(at)、长时间(in)、特定日期(on);
  • in my way挡住路了,是体的概念;on my way赶路,是线的概念;
  • arrive in是体的概念如 hero arrived in town,影响进入小镇;arrive at是点的概念,如we arrive at Honolulu我们抵达旧金山。
  • made of意思直接,接近中文的“...的”,如a chair made of wood,木头做的椅子,很直接的关系;made from表示“出自于...”,如wine made from grapes,不直接,不容易看出来。
  • between通常用于两者之间,有标识位置的功能,among用在三者以上,没有标识位置的功能。
  • throw to 代表方向;throw at指一个点。
  • from to表明起头到末尾;from through表示头尾包括内,如from May through September,包括五月和九月。
  • above 表示相对高度超过;over则有标识顶点的功能。
  • below 表示相对高度较低;under则有标识定点的功能。

 

第十一章 主语动词一致性

笔记:

  • 主语中有every、each、either、neither等表示“一”的字眼时,后面的名词就得用单数,且作主语时用单数动词配合。
  • a pair of通常用单数,如a pair of pants is hanging on the wall。

 

第十二三四五章 复合从句/副词从句/关系从句/对等连接词与对等从句

笔记:

 

第十六章 简化通则

笔记:

  • 别的语法书通常称作非限定从句,包括Ving、Ven、to V三种方式。但这里称作简化从句。简化通则是:省略主语与be动词,只留补语
  • It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral.简化为it is common courtesy to wear black while attending a funeral.
  • 有助动词时,变成不定式,几乎所有的语气助动词都可以改写为be动词加不定式。You must go at once精简为You are to go at once.
  • 没有助动词可改成不定式,也没有be动词可省略时,变成Ving。如John remembers that he saw the lady before. 精简为John remenbers seeing the lady before.

 

第十七章 形容词从句简化

笔记:

  • 补语为被动态,直接简化为过去分词。Beer is most delicious. It is chilled to 6℃。精简为Beer chilled to 6℃ is most delicious.
  • 补语为be+Ving的,省略主语和be动词。The ship which is coming to shore is from Gaoxiong.精简为The ship coming to shore is from Gaoxiong.
  • 如果补语没有be动词,也没有助动词,就把动词改成Ving.My old car, which breaks down every other week, won't last much longer.精简为My old car, breaking down every other week,won't last much longer.
  • 补语有语气助动词存在,就改为不定式补语。John is the one who should go this time.精简为John is the one to go this time。不定式中主语不清时,可以考虑安排主语在介词短语中,以宾语方式出现。如I have a job that your brother can do.精简为I have a job for your brother to do. 

 

第十八章 名词从句简化

笔记:

  • 与形容词从句类似,如果名词从句中没有be动词,也没有助动词,就将动词加-ing。That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.简化为 Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.
  • 主语不能省略时,要么改为SVOC句型,要么用所有格。That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me.精简为His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me.
  • 如果是被动语态,则通常将be动词加上-ing。That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult.精简为Being called a liar is the greatest insult.
  • 如果含有助动词,含有不定语气,则改为to V. The children expect that they can get presents for Christmas。精简为The children expect to get presents for Christmas.但如果是介词后面,通常要改为Ving模式。
  • to V和Ving的比较。一个例子:He forgot that he should see his dentist that day.精简为He forgot to see his dentist that day.但另一个句子:He forgot that he saw the man before.精简为He forgot seeing the man before. 

 

第十九/二十章 副词从句简化

笔记:

  • 如果是现在进行时,那么省略主语和be动词,只剩下Ving补语。如while he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.精简为 While lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.
  • 如果没有be动词可省略,也没有助动词改为to V,那么先改成进行时,再省略be动词。如Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well go home.精简为Having nothing to do here, we might as well go home.
  • 共同原则是省略主语和be动词,原本是被动语态be+Ven,那么简化后直接用Ven形态。如After he was shot in the knee, he couldn't fight.精简为Shot in the knee, he couldn't fight.
  • 有before、after、since出现在简化从句中,没有主语和动词时,需要当做介词看待,即后面加名词。如Before it was redecorated, the house was in bad shape.精简为Before being redecorated, the house was in bad shape.或者Before redecoration, the house was in bad shape.
  • 关于Having been.例如Because they have been warned, they proceeded carefully。精简为Having been warned, they proceeded carefully.最后可以精简为Warned, they proceeded carefully.因为如果Having been后面如果接的是过去分词,那么省略了仍然表示被动语态,不会有影响。如When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words.精简为The coffin interred, the minister said a few comforting words.
  • 如果副词从句有助动词,带有不确定语气,那么简化为不定式。
  • 如果动词就是be,那么如果主语相同,将连接词留下,省却主语和be动词,留下补语。如果连接词是before或after这种,简化后成为介词,后面接名词。表原因的because和since,简化后通常改为because of或as a result of之类。

 

第二十一章 简化从句联系

笔记:

  • 基本原则:对等从句,相对应位置重复则省略一个。丛书从句,省略主语和保额动词,留下补语

 

posted @ 2015-06-16 21:17  candylight  阅读(799)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报