uvloop官网翻译
<body> <header style="background-image: url(formula.jpg)" class="mb-head"><div class="row"><div class="large-12 columns"><h1 class="m-logo"><a href="/"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">魔术堆栈</font></font></a></h1><div class="title-cnt"><h1><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop：快速的Python网络连接</font></font></h1><h2><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">作者Yury </font></font><a href="http://twitter.com/1st1"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Selivanov @ 1st1</font></font></a><br><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"> 2016年5月3日</font></font></h2></div></div></div></header> <article class="mb-article"><section><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><h2><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">TL; DR</font></font></h2></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">asyncio是Python标准库附带的异步I / O框架。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">在此博客文章中，我们介绍</font></font><a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">：asyncio事件循环的完整替代品。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop用Cython编写，并建立在</font></font><a href="http://libuv.org"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">libuv之上</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop使asyncio更快。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">实际上，它至少</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">比nodejs，gevent和任何其他Python异步框架</font></font><b><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">快2倍</font></font></b><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">基于uvloop的asyncio的性能接近Go程序。</font></font></p></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><p><span></span></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><h2><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">异步和uvloop</font></font></h2></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">PEP 3156引入的asyncio模块是网络传输，协议和流抽象的集合，带有可插入事件循环。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">事件循环是异步的核心。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">它提供以下API：</font></font></p><ul><li><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">安排电话</font></font></li><li><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">通过网络传输数据，</font></font></li><li><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">执行DNS查询，</font></font></li><li><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">处理操作系统信号，</font></font></li><li><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">方便的抽象来创建服务器和连接，</font></font></li><li><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">异步处理子流程。</font></font></li></ul></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"> 目前，uvloop仅在* nix平台和Python 3.5上可用。 </font></font></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop是内置asyncio事件循环的替代产品。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">您可以使用pip安装uvloop：</font></font></p><pre class="code"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">$ pip安装uvloop</font></font></pre><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">在异步代码中使用uvloop很简单：</font></font></p><pre class="code"><b><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">导入</font></font></b><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">异步
</font></font><b><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">导入</font></font></b><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"> uvloop</font></font><font></font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">
asyncio.set_event_loop_policy（uvloop.EventLoopPolicy（））</font></font></pre><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">上面的代码片段使任何</font></font><code>asyncio.get_event_loop()</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">调用都返回uvloop的实例。</font></font></p></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"> 您还可以通过调用显式创建uvloop实例 </font></font><code>uvloop.new_event_loop()</code></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><h2><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">建筑</font></font></h2></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop用Cython编写，并建立在libuv之上。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">libuv是供nodejs使用的高性能，多平台异步I / O库。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">由于nodejs的普及和流行，libuv既快速又稳定。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop实现所有异步事件循环API。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">高级Python对象包装了低级libuv结构和函数。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">继承用于保持代码DRY并确保任何手动内存管理与libuv原语的寿命保持同步。</font></font></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><h2><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">基准测试</font></font></h2></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">为了检查uvloop的性能如何与其他实现相提并论，我们创建了一个</font></font><a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/vmbench"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">工具台</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">来对TCP和UNIX套接字I / O以及HTTP协议的性能进行基准测试。</font></font></p></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><p><span></span></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">标有基准的服务器在带有外部负载生成工具（</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">HTTP基准的</font></font><a href="https://github.com/wg/wrk"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">wrk</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">）</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">的Docker容器中运行，该工具</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">可以测量请求的吞吐量和延迟。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">本博客文章中的所有基准测试均在3.70GHz的Intel Xeon CPU E5-1620 v2和Ubuntu Linux上运行。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">我们使用Python 3.5，所有服务器均为单线程。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">另外，我们使用</font></font><code>GOMAXPROCS=1</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Go代码，nodejs不使用集群，并且所有Python服务器都是单进程的。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">每个基准设置</font></font><code>TCP_NODELAY</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">标志。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Mac OS X上的基准测试结果非常相似。</font></font></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><h3><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">TCP协议</font></font></h3></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">此基准测试了具有不同消息大小的简单回显服务器的性能。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">我们使用1、10和100 KiB软件包。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">并发级别为10。每个基准测试运行30秒。</font></font></p></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">另请参阅完整的TCP基准</font></font><a href="tcp-bench.html"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">报告</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-12 columns"><div class="mb-charts"><svg id="tcp_bars" class="chart" style="width: 100%" viewBox="0 0 1000 370"><g transform="translate(65,10)"><g class="x axis" transform="translate(0,305)"><g class="tick" transform="translate(50,0)" style="opacity: 1;"><line y2="6" x2="0"></line><text dy=".71em" y="9" x="0" style="text-anchor: middle;">asyncio</text></g><g class="tick" transform="translate(127,0)" style="opacity: 1;"><line y2="6" x2="0"></line><text dy=".71em" y="9" x="0" style="text-anchor: middle;">tornado</text></g><g class="tick" transform="translate(204,0)" style="opacity: 1;"><line y2="6" x2="0"></line><text dy=".71em" y="9" x="0" style="text-anchor: middle;">curio</text></g><g 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style="vertical-align: inherit;">ASYNCIO流</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">asyncio及其内置的纯Python事件循环。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">在此基准测试中，我们测试了高级流抽象的性能。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">我们</font></font><code>asyncio.create_server()</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">用来创建将一对传递</font></font><code>(reader, writer)</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">给客户端协程的服务器。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">龙卷风</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">该服务器实现了一个非常简单的Tornado协议，该协议会立即将收到的所有数据发送回去。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">古玩流</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Curio是Python aio lib块上的新手。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">与</font></font><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">asyncio-streams</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">相似</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">，在此基准测试中，我们测试curio流，</font></font><code>curio.make_streams()</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">用于创建一对</font></font><code>(reader, writer)</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">提供高级API（例如）的流</font></font><code>readline()</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">扭曲</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">与龙卷风类似，这里我们测试最小回波协议。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">古玩</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">此基准测试了古玩插槽的性能：</font></font><code>sock.recv()</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">和</font></font><code>sock.sendall()</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">协程</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">的紧密循环</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop流</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">与＃2一样，这里我们测试asyncio高级流的性能，但是这次是在uvloop之上。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">gevent</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">我们使用</font></font><code>gevent.StreamServer</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">gevent套接字在紧密的循环中发送/接收数据。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">ASYNCIO</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">看来，香草异步反应相当快！</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">与＃2和＃4类似，这里我们测试在纯Python异步中实现的最小回显协议的性能。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">nodejs</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">我们使用</font></font><code>net.createServer</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">API在nodejs v4.2.6中测试流的性能。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">此基准测试了在uvloop上以异步方式实现的最小回显协议（如＃2，＃4，＃8）。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">有了1 KiB消息，uvloop是最快的实现，每秒高达105,000个请求！</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">对于100 KiB消息，uvloop设法以大约2.3 GiB / s的速度运行。</font></font></li><li><em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">围棋</font></font></em><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font><code>net.Conn.Read/Write</code><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">通话</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">紧密</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Golang的性能与uvloop非常相似，对于10和100 KiB消息，性能稍好一些。</font></font></li></ol></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><p class="show-for-large"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"> 如何阅读箱形图： </font></font><svg height="200px" viewBox="-5 -5 90 300"><g><line x1="0" y1="10" stroke="#222" y2="10" x2="30"></line><line x1="15" y1="10" stroke="#222" stroke-dasharray="2,2" y2="100" x2="15"></line><rect x="0" stroke="#222" width="30" y="100" fill="#fff" height="90"></rect><line x1="0" y1="145" stroke="#222" y2="145" x2="30"></line><line x1="15" y1="190" stroke="#222" stroke-dasharray="2,2" y2="290" x2="15"></line><line x1="0" y1="290" stroke="#222" y2="290" x2="30"></line><text x="40" alignment-baseline="middle" y="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#222" font-size="14px">99%</text><text x="40" alignment-baseline="middle" y="100" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#222" font-size="14px">75%</text><text x="40" alignment-baseline="middle" y="145" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#222" font-size="14px">50%</text><text x="40" alignment-baseline="middle" y="190" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#222" font-size="14px">25%</text><text x="40" alignment-baseline="middle" y="290" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#222" font-size="14px">min</text></g></svg></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">所有基准的代码都可以在</font></font><a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/vmbench/tree/master/servers"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">这里</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">找到</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">另请参见UNIX套接字基准测试</font></font><a href="unix-bench.html"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">结果</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><h3><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">HTTP</font></font></h3></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">最初，我们想针对nodejs和Go在asyncio和uvloop上测试aiohttp。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">aiohttp是使用asyncio编写异步HTTP服务器和客户端的最受欢迎的框架。</font></font></p></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">另请参阅完整的HTTP基准测试</font></font><a href="http-bench.html"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">报告</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">但是，aiohttp的性能瓶颈竟然是其HTTP解析器，它是如此之慢，以至于底层I / O库的速度有多快都没有关系。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">为了使事情变得更有趣，我们为http-parser（最初为Nginx开发的nodejs HTTP解析器C库）创建了Python绑定。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">该库称为</font></font><a href="https://github.com/MagicStack/httptools"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">httptools</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">，在Github和</font></font><a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/httptools"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">PyPI</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">上可用</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">对于HTTP，所有基准测试都使用</font></font><a href="https://github.com/wg/wrk"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">wrk</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">生成负载。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">并发级别设置为300。每个基准测试的持续时间为30秒。</font></font></p></div><div class="large-3 columns mb-sidebar"><p><span></span></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-12 columns"><div class="mb-charts"><svg id="http_bars" class="chart" style="width: 100%" viewBox="0 0 1000 370"><g transform="translate(65,10)"><g class="x axis" transform="translate(0,305)"><g class="tick" transform="translate(85,0)" style="opacity: 1;"><line y2="6" x2="0"></line><text dy=".71em" y="9" x="0" style="text-anchor: middle;">asyncio</text></g><g class="tick" transform="translate(225,0)" style="opacity: 1;"><line y2="6" 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x="-9" text-anchor="end" alignment-baseline="middle">14.63</text></g></g></svg></div><script> drawBars('#http_bars', HTTP_DATA); drawLats('#http_lats', HTTP_DATA); </script></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"> 出乎意料的是，借助高性能HTTP解析器，纯Python异步比使用相同HTTP解析器的nodejs更快！ </font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Go对于1 KiB响应更快，但是uvloop + asyncio对于10/100 KiB响应明显更好。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">服务质量对于使用httptools的asyncio和uvloop以及Go来说都是极好的。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">诚然，与其他实现不同，基于httptools的服务器非常小，并且不包含任何路由逻辑。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">但是，该基准测试表明了使用有效实施的协议可以实现多快的uvloop。</font></font></p></div></div><div class="row"><div class="large-9 columns"><h2><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">结论</font></font></h2><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">可以肯定地得出结论，使用uvloop，可以编写Python网络代码，每个CPU内核每秒可以推送成千上万的请求。</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">在多核系统上，可以使用进程池进一步扩展性能。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">uvloop和asyncio，再加上</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Python 3.5 </font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">中</font></font><a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0492/"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">async / await</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">的强大功能</font><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">，使使用Python编写高性能网络代码比以往任何时候都更加容易。</font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">请尝试uvloop（</font></font><a href="https://github.com/magicstack/uvloop"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">github</font></font></a><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">）并与我们分享您的结果！</font></font></p></div></div></section></article> <footer class="m-footer"><div class="row"><div class="medium-6 columns"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">©2016 MagicStack Inc. </font></font></p><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">302-639 Queen Street West </font></font><br><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">Toronto，ON，M5V 2B7 </font></font><br><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">加拿大</font></font></p></div><div class="medium-6 columns medium-text-right"><p><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;">找工作？</font></font><br><a href="mailto:hello@magic.io"><font style="vertical-align: inherit;"><font 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