python 使用matplotlib.pyplot.hist绘制直方图

一、直方图(Histogram)介绍

直方图，形状类似柱状图却有着与柱状图完全不同的含义。直方图牵涉统计学的概念，首先要对数据进行分组，然后统计每个分组内数据元的数量。 在坐标系中，横轴标出每个组的端点，纵轴表示频数，每个矩形的高代表对应的频数，称这样的统计图为频数分布直方图。

相关概念：

• 组数：在统计数据时，我们把数据按照不同的范围分成几个组，分成的组的个数称为组数
• 组距：每一组两个端点的差

 

二、电影时长分布绘制

现有250部电影的时长,希望统计出这些电影时长的分布状态(比如时长为100分钟到120分钟电影的数量,出现的频率)等信息,你应该如何呈现这些数据?

 数据：

time =[131,  98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115,  99, 136, 126, 134,  95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117,  86,  95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123,  86, 101,  99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140,  83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144,  83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137,  92,121, 112, 146,  97, 137, 105,  98, 117, 112,  81,  97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112,  83,  94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111,  84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]

效果:

 

 

1、matplotlib.pyplot.hist(x, bins=None, normed=None, **kwargs)

# 直方图绘制

Parameters:    
x : (n,) array or sequence of (n,) arrays

bins : integer or sequence or ‘auto’, optional
组距

normed : bool, optional
以频率显示或者以頻数显示,默认頻数,值1为频率

2、分析

• 设置组距
• 设置组数（通常对于数据较少的情况，分为5~12组，数据较多，更换图形显示方式）
  • 通常设置组数会有相应公式：组数 = 极差/组距= (max-min)/bins

# 展现不同电影的时长分布状态
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=100)

# 准备时长数据
time =[131,  98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115,  99, 136, 126, 134,  95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117,  86,  95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123,  86, 101,  99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140,  83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144,  83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137,  92,121, 112, 146,  97, 137, 105,  98, 117, 112,  81,  97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112,  83,  94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111,  84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]
# 定义一个间隔大小
a = 2

# 得出组数
bins = int((max(time) - min(time)) / a)

# 画出直方图
plt.hist(time, bins, normed=1)

# 指定刻度的范围，以及步长
plt.xticks(list(range(min(time), max(time)))[::2])

plt.xlabel("电影时长大小")
plt.ylabel("电影的数据量")

plt.grid(True, linestyle='--', alpha=0.5)

plt.show()

3、增加网格显示

为了更好将图形对应到

plt.grid(True, linestyle='--', alpha=0.5)