tensorflow中的padding方式SAME和VALID的区别

Tensorflow中的padding有两种方式，其中的SAME方式比较特殊，可能产生非对称pad的情况，之前在验证一个tensorflow的网络时踩到这个坑。

Tensorflow的计算公式#

二维卷积接口#

tf.nn.conv2d(
    input, filters, strides, padding, data_format='NHWC', dilations=None, name=None
)

padding计算公式#

需要注意padding的配置，如果是字符串就有SAME和VALID两种配置，如果是数字list就明确表明padding在各个维度的数量。

首先，padding如果表示确切的数字，其维度是input维度的2倍，因为每个维度两个边需要补pad，比如宽度的左边和右边，高度的上边和下边，但是tensorflow中不会给N维度以及C维度补pad，仅仅在W和H维度补pad，因此对于NHWC，padding =[[0, 0], [pad_top, pad_bottom], [pad_left, pad_right], [0, 0]] ，对于NCHW的pad的顺序换过来。

然后，如果输入的是字符串选项，补的pad都可以映射到padding这个参数上，

VALID模式表示不在任何维度补pad，等价于padding =[[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]]；
SAME模式表示在stride的尺度下，Wo与Wi保持在stride $S$ 下保持一致（以宽度维度为例），需要满足如下关系

$W_{o}=\left\lceil\frac{W_{i}}{S}\right\rceil$
我们知道如果dilation = 1，那么在某个维度上，卷积的输出宽度 $W_i$ 、输出宽度 $W_o$ 和步长 $S$ ，在没有pad的情况下，满足如下的关系式

$W o=\left\lfloor\frac{W i-W_{k}}{S}\right\rfloor+1$
我们以补最小程度的 $P_a$ 为基准，于是有关系式

$W o=\frac{W i+P_{a}-W_{k}}{S}+1$
反推过来得到

$P_{a}=\left(W_{o}-1\right) S+W_{k}-W_{i}$
这是需要补的总的pad，tensorflow的补充pad是尽量两边对称的，
- 如果 $P_a$ 是偶数，那么两边都补 $P_l = P_a/2$ ；
- 如果 $P_a$ 是奇数，那么左边补 $P_l = \lfloor{P_a/2}\rfloor$ ，右边是 $P_r = P_a-P_l$ 。

参考如下的代码

inputH, inputW = 7, 8
strideH, strideW = 3, 3
filterH = 4
filterW = 4
inputC = 16
outputC = 3
inputData = np.ones([1,inputH,inputW,inputC]) # format [N, H, W, C]
filterData = np.float16(np.ones([filterH, filterW, inputC, outputC]) - 0.33)
strides = (1, strideH, strideW, 1)
convOutputSame = tf.nn.conv2d(inputData, filterData, strides, padding='SAME')
convOutput = tf.nn.conv2d(inputData, filterData, strides, padding=[[0,0],[1,2],[1,1],[0,0]]) # padded input data
print("output1, ", convOutputSame)
print("output2, ", convOutput)
print("Sum of a - b is ", np.sum(np.square(convOutputSame - convOutput)))

计算结果是

    output1,  tf.Tensor(
    [[[[ 96.46875  96.46875  96.46875]
       [128.625   128.625   128.625  ]
       [ 96.46875  96.46875  96.46875]]

      [[128.625   128.625   128.625  ]
       [171.5     171.5     171.5    ]
       [128.625   128.625   128.625  ]]

      [[ 64.3125   64.3125   64.3125 ]
       [ 85.75     85.75     85.75   ]
       [ 64.3125   64.3125   64.3125 ]]]])

    output2,  tf.Tensor(
    [[[[ 96.46875  96.46875  96.46875]
       [128.625   128.625   128.625  ]
       [ 96.46875  96.46875  96.46875]]

      [[128.625   128.625   128.625  ]
       [171.5     171.5     171.5    ]
       [128.625   128.625   128.625  ]]

      [[ 64.3125   64.3125   64.3125 ]
       [ 85.75     85.75     85.75   ]
       [ 64.3125   64.3125   64.3125 ]]]], shape=(1, 3, 3, 3), dtype=float64)
    Sum of a - b is  0.0

ONNX计算公式#

onnx的接口，参考IR定义如下

std::function<void(OpSchema&)> ConvOpSchemaGenerator(const char* filter_desc) {
  return [=](OpSchema& schema) {
    std::string doc = R"DOC(
The convolution operator consumes an input tensor and {filter_desc}, and
computes the output.)DOC";
    ReplaceAll(doc, "{filter_desc}", filter_desc);
    schema.SetDoc(doc);
    schema.Input(
        0,
        "X",
        "Input data tensor from previous layer; "
        "has size (N x C x H x W), where N is the batch size, "
        "C is the number of channels, and H and W are the "
        "height and width. Note that this is for the 2D image. "
        "Otherwise the size is (N x C x D1 x D2 ... x Dn). "
        "Optionally, if dimension denotation is "
        "in effect, the operation expects input data tensor "
        "to arrive with the dimension denotation of [DATA_BATCH, "
        "DATA_CHANNEL, DATA_FEATURE, DATA_FEATURE ...].",
        "T");
    schema.Input(
        1,
        "W",
        "The weight tensor that will be used in the "
        "convolutions; has size (M x C/group x kH x kW), where C "
        "is the number of channels, and kH and kW are the "
        "height and width of the kernel, and M is the number "
        "of feature maps. For more than 2 dimensions, the "
        "kernel shape will be (M x C/group x k1 x k2 x ... x kn), "
        "where (k1 x k2 x ... kn) is the dimension of the kernel. "
        "Optionally, if dimension denotation is in effect, "
        "the operation expects the weight tensor to arrive "
        "with the dimension denotation of [FILTER_OUT_CHANNEL, "
        "FILTER_IN_CHANNEL, FILTER_SPATIAL, FILTER_SPATIAL ...]. "
        "X.shape[1] == (W.shape[1] * group) == C "
        "(assuming zero based indices for the shape array). "
        "Or in other words FILTER_IN_CHANNEL should be equal to DATA_CHANNEL. ",
        "T");
    schema.Input(
        2,
        "B",
        "Optional 1D bias to be added to the convolution, has size of M.",
        "T",
        OpSchema::Optional);
    schema.Output(
        0,
        "Y",
        "Output data tensor that contains the result of the "
        "convolution. The output dimensions are functions "
        "of the kernel size, stride size, and pad lengths.",
        "T");
    schema.TypeConstraint(
        "T",
        {"tensor(float16)", "tensor(float)", "tensor(double)"},
        "Constrain input and output types to float tensors.");
    schema.Attr(
        "kernel_shape",
        "The shape of the convolution kernel. If not present, should be inferred from input W.",
        AttributeProto::INTS,
        OPTIONAL);
    schema.Attr(
        "dilations",
        "dilation value along each spatial axis of the filter. If not present, the dilation defaults is 1 along each spatial axis.",
        AttributeProto::INTS,
        OPTIONAL);
    schema.Attr(
        "strides",
        "Stride along each spatial axis. If not present, the stride defaults is 1 along each spatial axis.",
        AttributeProto::INTS,
        OPTIONAL);
    schema.Attr(
        "auto_pad",
        auto_pad_doc,
        AttributeProto::STRING,
        std::string("NOTSET"));
    schema.Attr(
        "pads",
        pads_doc,
        AttributeProto::INTS,
        OPTIONAL);
    schema.Attr(
        "group",
        "number of groups input channels and output channels are divided into.",
        AttributeProto::INT,
        static_cast<int64_t>(1));
    schema.TypeAndShapeInferenceFunction([](InferenceContext& ctx) {
      propagateElemTypeFromInputToOutput(ctx, 0, 0);
      convPoolShapeInference(ctx, true, false, 0, 1);
    });
  };
}

需要注意上面的auto_pad选项，与tensorflow类似有3个选项

NOTSET，同tensorflow的VALID

SAME_UPPER 或者SAME_LOWER，这里的内容可以参考onnx文件defs.cc中的代码

std::vector<int64_t> pads;
  if (getRepeatedAttribute(ctx, "pads", pads)) {
    if (pads.size() != n_input_dims * 2) {
      fail_shape_inference("Attribute pads has incorrect size");
    }
  } else {
    pads.assign(n_input_dims * 2, 0); // pads的size是输入维度的2倍
    const auto* auto_pad_attr = ctx.getAttribute("auto_pad");
    if ((nullptr != auto_pad_attr) && (auto_pad_attr->s() != "VALID")) { // 如果pad mode是SAME_UPPER或者SAME_LOWER则进入该分支
      int input_dims_size = static_cast<int>(n_input_dims);
      for (int i = 0; i < input_dims_size; ++i) { // 计算每个axis的pads
        int64_t residual = 0;
        int64_t stride = strides[i];
        if (stride > 1) { // 如果stride == 1，那么total_pad就是Wk - Stride = Wk - 1
          if (!input_shape.dim(2 + i).has_dim_value()) {
            continue;
          }
          residual = input_shape.dim(2 + i).dim_value();
          while (residual >= stride) {
            residual -= stride;
          }
        }
        int64_t total_pad = residual == 0 ? effective_kernel_shape[i] - stride : effective_kernel_shape[i] - residual; // effective_kernel_shape = Wk
        if (total_pad < 0)
          total_pad = 0;
        int64_t half_pad_small = total_pad >> 1;
        int64_t half_pad_big = total_pad - half_pad_small;
        if (auto_pad_attr->s() == "SAME_UPPER") {           // pad mode is here
          pads[i] = half_pad_small;
          pads[i + input_dims_size] = half_pad_big;
        } else if (auto_pad_attr->s() == "SAME_LOWER") {
          pads[i] = half_pad_big;
          pads[i + input_dims_size] = half_pad_small;
        }
      }
    }
  }

上面的代码里面最难理解14~23行，其实这里计算total_pad就是tensorflow中的 $P_a$ ，以上面的公式，做更进一步的推导，

\begin{matrix} (1) & \begin{aligned} P_{a} & = (W_{o} - 1) S + W_{k} - W_{i} \\ = (⌈ \frac{W_{i}}{S} ⌉ - 1) S + W_{k} - W_{i} \end{aligned} \end{matrix}

$\begin{equation} \begin{aligned} P_{a}&=\left(W_{o}-1\right) S+W_{k}-W_{i}\\ &=(\left\lceil\frac{W_{i}}{S}\right\rceil - 1)S+W_{k}-W_{i}\\ \end{aligned} \end{equation}$

下面的分析有两种情况，对应代码第23行，

如果 $W_i$ 是 $S$ 的整数倍，那么 $W_i = nS$ ，带入上面的公式有 $P_a = W_k - S$ ；
如果 $W_i$ 不是 $S$ 的整数倍，那么 $W_i = nS+m, m \gt 0$ ，带入上面的公式有 $P_a = W_k - m$ ，这个 $m$ 就是 $W_i$ 被Stride相除之后的余数，即代码中的residual。

SAME_UPPER和SAME_LOWER对应 $P_a$ 是奇数的情况，如果是偶数，结果一样，如果是奇数，那么SAME_UPPER放小半部分 $\lfloor{P_a/2}\rfloor$ ，SAME_LOWER放大半部分 $P_a - \lfloor{P_a/2}\rfloor$ 。

举例#

在python - What is the difference between 'SAME' and 'VALID' padding in tf.nn.max_pool of tensorflow? - Stack Overflow上有一个比较具体的例子，可以看到，使用SAME模式可以使得stride刚好完整取完所有的input而不会有剩余或者短缺。

VALID 模式

inputs:         1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11 (12 13)
                |________________|                dropped
                               |_________________|

SAME模式

               pad|                                      |pad
   inputs:      0 |1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10 11 12 13|0  0
               |________________|
                              |_________________|
                                             |________________|

在这个例子中 $W_i = 13, W_k = 6, S = 5$ 。

参考资料#

posted @ 2020-12-25 22:11 bugxch 阅读(1499) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报

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tensorflow中的padding方式SAME和VALID的区别

Tensorflow的计算公式#

二维卷积接口#

padding计算公式#

ONNX计算公式#

举例#

参考资料#

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